HISTORICAL MANUALS
University of Kentucky Computing Center
PRIME User's Guide
Version 11.3b
PRIMOS Revision 23.2
August 9, 1994
University of Kentucky
Computing Center
Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0045
(606) 257-2900
CONTENTS
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
POLICY GOVERNING ACCESS TO AND USE OF UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
COMPUTING RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ACCESSING AND USING THE UKCC PRIME COMPUTER SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . 10
Connecting to the PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The PRIME System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Looking Up Your Account Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Logging Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
System Prompts OK, and ER! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Control Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Online Help and User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Getting Information Using VIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Reporting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Creating a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Creating a Sub-directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Naming a File or Sub-directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Commands for File and Sub-directory Handling . . . . . . . . 17
Listing the Contents of Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Changing Your Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
RECORDing, Hardcopy Copies of Terminal Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Using BITNET and INTERNET with MAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
COMPUTER LANGUAGES AND PACKAGES ON THE PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
COBOL85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FORTRAN 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
PASCAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
PILOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
PROLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Database Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ORACLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Wordprocessing Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
PRIMEWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Statistical Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
GLIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Various Subroutines Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
IMSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Spreadsheet Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
QuickPlan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The EXEC Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
THE SHEFFIELD EDITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Line Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Input Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Edit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Changing Between Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
More Information on the Line Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Line Editor Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
MODE Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Special Characters Available with the Editor . . . . . . . . 36
Special Symbols Available with the Editor . . . . . . . . . 36
Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Window Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Window Editor Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Special Keys in the Window Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
MINI-COMMAND LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
COMMON ERROR MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
GETTING MORE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
This User's Guide is an introduction to the UKCC (University of
Kentucky Computing Center) PRIME Computer System. It will give you
general information you will need to perform basic operations on the
PRIME. For more specific information, you will need to refer to other
manuals such as the Sheffield Editor User's Guide and the PRIMEWORD
User's Guide.
Information regarding access to the system (login and logout) can be
found in the following section:
- Accessing and Using the UKCC PRIME Computer System
If you will be working with a pre-written program such as PRIMEWORD,
MINITAB, etc. or one written by your instructor, you will need to obtain
the proper documentation for the specific program from either the
instructor or a manual.
If you will be creating and editing files you will need to review
these sections:
- System Prompts
- Special Characters
- Files and Directories
- Commands for File and Sub-directory Handling
- The Sheffield Editor
If you will be writing high-level language programs, you will need to
review the following sections:
- Computer Languages and Packages on the PRIME
- The EXEC Command
To get information on any of the available PRIMOS (PRIMe Operating
System) commands and how to use them, refer to the section titled:
- Getting Help
For a list of additional manuals which are available, refer to the
section titled:
- Getting More Information
*** (Note: Some manuals are only available through purchasing from
PRIME, Inc.)
Throughout this manual you will be shown what to type
to obtain the results you want. This manual will always assume
that you understand that one of the two system prompts ("OK,"
and "ER!") is displayed when the suggested command is to be
entered, unless it is shown that another prompt should be
expected. Also, you must press the carriage return key after
typing any command in order for that command to be issued.
- 1 -
POLICY GOVERNING ACCESS TO AND USE OF UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COMPUTING
RESOURCES
***NOTE: The following is the computing policy taken verbatim from the
brochure explaining the policy.
In support of its mission to provide excellent instruction, modern
research, and meaningful service, the University of Kentucky offers
computing resources to its students, faculty, and staff. These
resources contribute to the work of all members of the University
community and, therefore, must be used with great care.
This brochure is intended to help set the tone for computing and
for the use of computing resources at the University of Kentucky:
respect for the rights of all users and fair use by all so as to
guarantee equal access to all users. The goal of the University in
providing computing resources is to give users powerful tools to
further their academic endeavors. The privacy of all users and of
all of their files is a fundamental right that should be respected by
all. You should never use the computing resources in any way that
violates the privacy of others. Clearly defined procedures
established to protect your rights will always be followed as the
University maintains the computing system.
Careful and ethical use of computing resources is the responsibility
of every user. As a user of these resources, you agree to be subject
to the guidelines of the "Policy Governing Access to and Use of
University of Kentucky Computing Resources." These guidelines
apply to all computing resources provided by the University; some
are more directly related to mainframe systems, some to
microcomputers and local area networks, and some to all systems.
This brochure includes and expands upon those guidelines, and
contains a glossary of the technical terms used in the policy. In the
text that follows, the Policy itself is preceded by the > symbol;
comments, explanations, and expansions are not.
> Access to computing resources is granted to an individual by
> the University of Kentucky solely for the grantee's own use.
> Every user of the University of Kentucky computing resources
> has two basic rights regarding computing -- privacy and a fair
> share of resources. It is unethical and a violation of this policy
> for any person to violate these rights.
> All users, in turn, are expected to exercise common sense and
> decency (due regard for the rights of others) with respect to the
> public computing resources, thereby reflecting the spirit of
> community and intellectual inquiry at the University. Access is
> a right that may be limited or revoked if an individual misuses
> the right or violates applicable University policies or state or
> federal laws.
> I. Principles Governing Use of Computing Resources
- 2 -
> A. User access is granted to an individual and may not be
> transferred to or shared with another without explicit written
> authorization by the Vice President for Information Systems, a
> designee, or the appropriate system administrator.
This principle is intended to protect the integrity, security, and
privacy of your account. Sharing access with another
individual undermines the security of your account, leaving it
vulnerable to abuse by others. By not sharing your account,
you protect against unauthorized activities on your account, for
which you would be responsible. You may be charged with a
violation if someone uses your account with your permission
and violates policy. Just as important, sharing or transferring
access jeopardizes the security of the entire computing system
because it weakens one of the "links" in the system "chain."
For information on obtaining your own account, contact:
User Account Services -- 257-2212.
For information on how to share files or data, or forward e-mail
to another user safely, contact:
the University Help Desk -- 257-2249.
> B. User access to computing resources is contingent upon
> prudent and responsible use.
Imprudent use of computing resources can lead to
consequences affecting many other users, not just yourself. For
example, not using virus protection software on networked
microcomputers could allow the introduction of a virus that
could destroy the work of many other users.
Prudent and responsible use begins with common sense and
includes respect for the rights and privacy of other users. For
example, as a prudent and responsible user, you should:
(1) Not share your account with any other user
(2) Protect your password by choosing it wisely, keeping it
secure, and changing it regularly
(3) Back up files on a regular basis to ensure the safety of
important data in the event of a system failure
(4) Log off your account when leaving a terminal
(5) Always use virus protection software
> C. The user may not use computing resources for any illegal or
> unauthorized act; in particular, the user may not use computing
> resources to violate any state or federal laws or any of the
> regulations specified in the Governing Regulations, the
> Administrative Regulations, the Student Rights and
> Responsibilities handbook (Code of Student Conduct), the
> Rules of the University Senate, the Faculty Code, the University
> System Faculty Handbook, or the Staff Handbook.
You will find copies of all of these documents in Special
- 3 -
Collections in the University Archives section of M.I. King
Library. Some of them are listed on VIEW as well. To access
VIEW, log on to the Prime (UKPR), the IBM (UKCC), or one of
the Wang systems, and type or choose VIEW; then follow the
menus.
> D. The user may not use computing resources for any
> commercial purpose without prior written authorization from
> the Vice President for Information Systems, a designee, or the
> appropriate system administrator.
Work under approved University contracts and grants is
covered under the usual internal approval processes, which
serve as the requisite "prior written authorization." If you need
to open a commercial account or would like more information,
contact User Accounts, 130 McVey Hall, 257-2212 or 257-2217.
> E. Computing resources must be shared among users in an
> equitable manner. The user may not participate in any
> behavior that unreasonably interferes with the fair use of
> computing resources by another.
Computing resources are finite and must be shared. During
periods of peak demand, facilities may enforce guidelines to
require sharing resources for the benefit of everyone.
Examples of unreasonable interference include, but are not
limited to:
(1) Playing games for recreation when another user needs the
resource for more scholarly activities
(2) Exceeding established disk space, time, or other allocations
(3) Intentionally running programs that attempt to execute
endless loops
(4) Printing large jobs during periods of heavy computer use
(5) Printing multiple copies of a document
(6) Printing paper copies when "print preview" on a terminal
would suffice
> II. Some Examples of Violations
This section of the Policy consists of a list of several activities
that you cannot or should not do. While these are not all of the
possible violations, there are still many more things you can do
than things you can't do. This list is intended to inform you and
to reinforce the principles of fair and responsible computer use
that we seek to engender at the University of Kentucky.
> Violations of these principles or any attempt to violate these
> principles constitutes misuse. Violations include, but are not
> limited to:
- 4 -
> A. Sharing passwords or acquiring another's password without
> prior written authorization from University Computing
> Services or the appropriate system administrator
The consequences of sharing your password can be significant
for the system and for you as well. This action leaves you
vulnerable to such things as impersonation by another user.
However, even if you are not concerned about the safety of your
own account and data, you have a responsibility to other users
to help maintain the security of the system. Your responsibility
is like that of a tenant in an apartment building. Though the
tenant may not be concerned about his or her own apartment,
feeling that it contains little or nothing of value, he or she still
has a responsibility to the other tenants to keep the main
entrance secure.
On occasion, you may want to share files or data or e-mail with
other users. For information on how to do that safely, contact
the University Computing Help Desk at 257-2249.
> B. Unauthorized accessing, using, copying, modifying, or
> deleting of files, data, userids, access rights, usage records, or
> disk space allocations
You are authorized to access, use, copy, modify, or delete files,
data, or access rights on your own account as specified in the
Policy. You are not authorized to perform any of these
functions on another user's account or a University system
unless specifically given permission by the account holder, your
job description, the Vice President for Information Systems, a
designee, or the appropriate system administrator.
A person who finds a door to another's home unlocked does not
have the right to enter the home simply because it is unsecured.
Similarly, the fact that someone's account and its data are
unprotected does not mean that you have the right to access it.
> C. Accessing resources for purposes other than those for which
> the access was originally issued, including inappropriate use of
> authority or special privileges
User privacy is not to be violated; all users are to be protected
from unauthorized activity by a system administrator or other
users.
> D. Copying or capturing licensed software for use on a system
> or by an individual for which the software is not authorized or
> licensed
The University of Kentucky subscribes to the principles
expressed in the EDUCOM Guide to the Ethical and Legal Use
of Software. According to U.S. Copyright Law, all intellectual
works are automatically covered by copyright unless explicitly
noted to the contrary. "Unauthorized copying and use of
software deprives publishers and developers of a fair return for
- 5 -
their work, increases prices, reduces the level of future support
and enhancements, and can inhibit the development of new
software products."
-- "Using Software: A Guide to the Ethical and
Legal Use of Software for Members of the
Academic Community"
EDUCOM
U.S. Copyright law applies to all software users. For a full
reproduction of the EDUCOM guidelines, check VIEW. For a
printed copy of the guidelines, write or call: EDUCOM, 1112
16th Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 872 -
4200. If you are unsure about whether you possess legal
software copies, contact the University Help Desk -- 257-2249 --
for more information.
The University of Kentucky does not condone or authorize the
illegal copying or possession of software. University students
and employees are prohibited from copying software illegally
and possessing illegal copies of software, whether for course-,
job-related, or private use. Any violations of this policy or of
Copyright law are the personal responsibility of the user. The
University will not assume any liability for such acts.
Furthermore, University Computing Services will refuse to
provide support for a user who cannot demonstrate that the
software involved was obtained legally.
> E. Use of computing resources for remote activities that are
> unauthorized at the remote site
For example, if you are accessing another university's system
using a UK computing resource, you must obey that school's
own computing rules. Your actions reflect upon the entire
University of Kentucky community.
> F. Causing computer failure through an intentional attempt to
> "crash the system," or through the intentional introduction of a
> program that is intended to subvert a system, such as a worm,
> virus, Trojan horse, or one that creates a trap door
You have a responsibility to other users to help maintain the
security of the system. The intentional introduction of a
subversive program is considered a grave offense. Taking
reasonable precautions is part of your responsibility. If you
think you may have accidentally introduced one of these
programs, contact your local system administrator or call 257-
2249. For information on virus protection software, call 257-
2249, as well.
> G. Intentional obscuring or forging of the date, time, physical
> source, logical source, or other header information of a message
> or transaction
Header information of electronic mail, files, and printouts is an
essential part of the identification and documentation of your
- 6 -
work. Forging electronic mail or masking identification
information -- for amusement, personal gain, or other reasons --
is not allowed.
> H. Interception of transmitted information without prior
> written authorization from University Computing Services or
> the appropriate system administrator
This violation is a serious invasion of another user's privacy and
is analogous to tapping that person's telephone line. The
University respects the right to privacy of all users and
endeavors to do all in its power to maintain that right. You
should be aware that sometimes, in the course of system
maintenance, transmissions are tracked, but the contents are not
read. You should also be aware that unauthorized users of the
system are not afforded this same protection from invasion of
their privacy. This means that the University can and will read
transmissions by unauthorized users, to maintain the integrity
and security of the computer resources for all authorized users.
> I. Failure to protect one's account from unauthorized use (e.g.,
> leaving one's terminal publicly logged on but unattended)
When you do not protect your account from unauthorized use,
you weaken the security of not only your account, but the entire
system. Keeping your password secure and attending to your
account when logged on are key means of protection.
> J. Violation of priorities for use of computing resources as
> established by an individual facility within the UK system
Some UK computing facilities may have no usage rules beyond
those given in this brochure. However, many have established
priorities for use of computing resources to ensure that
scholarly activities are granted more weight than, for example,
recreational gameplay and other non-academic pursuits. These
priorities must be respected.
> III. Response to Violations
> Violation of this policy will result in action by the appropriate
> University office or agency. Violations of KRS 434.840
> (Kentucky statutes dealing with unlawful access or use of a
> computer) may be referred to the Commonwealth Attorney or
> the police for investigation and/or prosecution. Similarly,
> violations of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1030 (Federal laws dealing with
> unlawful access or use of a computer) may be referred to the
> Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Sanctions for violation of these state and federal laws may be as
severe as a $50,000 fine and/or up to 5 years in jail.
> IV. University Sanctions
> University sanctions are imposed by the appropriate University
- 7 -
> authority and may include, but are not limited to, limitation or
> revocation of access rights and/or reimbursement to the
> University for the computing and personnel charges incurred in
> detecting and proving the violation of these rules, as well as
> from the violation itself. Reimbursement may include
> compensation for staff work time related to the violation and
> for archiving information related to the incident. The usual
> rights and privileges of appeal apply.
In some previous cases, these charges have reached several
thousand dollars.
> V. Investigation and Review of Charges
> When the Vice President for Information Systems, a designee,
> or the appropriate system administrator has reason to believe
> that a violation may have occurred, he or she may initiate an
> investigation and/or suspend computing privileges for the
> individual(s) involved, pending further investigation. If
> significant University sanctions are imposed, such action,
> together with an explanation of the causal events, shall be
> reported by the Vice President or the appropriate system
> administrator to the Dean of Students' office, in case of
> students; or to the appropriate Chancellor's or Vice President's
> office, for all others.
> In cases where a user's computing privileges are limited or
> revoked, a user should request a review of the action according
> to procedures established by University Computing Services
> before appealing through other University channels.
Investigating officials will examine charges of violations with
due respect for both individual privacy and the security of other
users.
> GLOSSARY
> Access right: permission to use a UK computing resource
> according to appropriate limitations, controls, and guidelines
> Commercial purpose: a goal or end involving the buying and/or
> selling of goods or services for the purpose of making a profit
> Computing resource: any computing/network equipment,
> facility, or service made available to users by the University of
> Kentucky
> Data: a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions suitable
> for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or
> automatic means
> Disk space allocation: the amount of disk storage space assigned
> to a particular user by University Computing Services or the
> appropriate system administrator
> Fair use: use of computing resources in accordance with this
> policy and with the rules of an individual UK facility; use of
> computing resources so as not to unreasonably interfere with the
- 8 -
> use of the same resources by others
> File: a collection of data treated as a unit
> Inappropriate use of authority or special privilege: use of one's
> access right(s) or position of authority in a manner that violates
> the rules for use of those privileges as specified by the Vice
> President for Information Systems, a designee, or the appropriate
> system administrator
> Password: a string of characters that a user must supply to meet
> security requirements before gaining access to a particular
> computing resource
> Prudent and responsible use: use of computing resources in a
> manner that promotes the efficient use and security of one's own
> access right(s), the access rights of other users, and UK
> computing resources
> Remote activity: any computing action or behavior that accesses
> remote site facilities via a UK computing resource
> Remote site: any computing/network equipment, facility, or
> service not part of, but connected with, UK computing resources
> via a communications network
> System administrator: any individual authorized by the Vice
> President for Information Systems, the appropriate Chancellor or
> Vice President, or a designee to administer a particular
> computing hardware system and/or its system software
> Transmission: the transfer of a signal, message, or other form of
> intelligence from one location to another
> Unauthorized act: with the exception of computing actions or
> behaviors permitted in this policy, any such act performed
> without the explicit permission of the Vice President for
> Information Systems, a designee, or the appropriate system
> administrator
> Usage record: information or data indicating the level of usage of
> computing resources by a particular user
> User: any individual -- whether student, faculty, staff, or
> individual external to UK -- who uses UK computing resources
> Userid: a character string that uniquely identifies a particular
> user to a UK computing resource
- 9 -
ACCESSING AND USING THE UKCC PRIME COMPUTER SYSTEM
CONNECTING TO THE PRIME
To use the PRIME system you must have access to a terminal which can
be connected to the system, either by using terminals provided by the
UKCC, or through a telephone hook-up using a "modem". The UKCC has
provided clusters of terminals around campus for your use. Each cluster
has from ten to thirty CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) terminals and a DECwriter
III terminal which is used as a printer for hardcopy output. Terminal
clusters are located at:
* Agricultural Data Center
* Business and Economics Bldg Room 100
(Site consists of PCs (Business Information Center)
connected to the campus
network, instead of terminals)
* Health Sci. Learning Ctr. 6th floor
* Kirwan-Blanding Commons 2nd floor
* McVey Hall Room 111
* M. I. King Library Room 213 King South
(M. I. King Computer Lab)
* Patterson Office Tower Mezzanine
* Student Center Room 208
Student consultants are available at some of the more heavily used
sites during specified hours displayed at the location. The student
consultants will provide assistance in accessing the PRIME and in
general use of the PRIME and PRIMOS, report equipment problems, and
replace ribbons and paper in the printer. The student consultants will
not debug programs or explain programming techniques. Please see your
instructor and do not ask the consultant to do this. You may also type
HELP CONSULT for information on sites and hours where consultants are
scheduled to work.
To "dial up" the PRIME from an outside source, dial 323-2400 for 1200
or 2400 baud, or 323-1996 for 9600 baud (no parity, full duplex, eight
(8) data bits, one (1) stop bit). For more information on making your
modem work with the PRIME, see a lab assistant at one of the public
microcomputer labs for information on obtaining software and on
configuring your modem and computer, or call the Information Systems
Help Desk at 257-2249.
THE PRIME SYSTEM
The Prime system is a model 6650. It is rated at 24 million
instructions per second (MIPS) and is equipped with 4 gigabytes of disk
storage and 128 megabytes of main memory. It has Ethernet hardware and
software which allow participation in FTP and TELNET. The nodename of
this machine on the campus network is UKPR, the Internet nodename is
ukpr.uky.edu, and the Internet numerical address is 128.163.1.8.
- 10 -
LOGGING IN
For the following commands, anything that is to be typed into the
computer may be typed in either upper or lower case characters. All
commands require that you press the RETURN key after typing your
response.
1. Turn the ON/OFF switch to ON (located at
the right rear bottom of the terminal).
The terminal will sound a short beep.
2. Hit RETURN several times until you see
this screen message:
>>You may now enter General Net/One commands.
>>
>>
3. Type
C UKPR
(Note that when you press the spacebar
after the letter C, the full word 'Connect'
is spelled out for you.)
4. In the login step below, you will need the account
name (or userid) and the password which has been
given to you (for an example we will use the ficti-
tious account name UK00000 and the password
TESTIT.)
Press RETURN.
5. The system will respond with
Connecting ... (1)UKPR-xxx Success.
Now press the RETURN key. The system will
respond with
login:
and then you should type your account name
(UK00000 for example) and press RETURN. (If
you do not already have an account name see
the following section on LOOKUP.) The
screen will look like this:
login: UK00000
6. The system will then respond with
Password?
and you should then type your password,
- 11 -
which in this example is TESTIT. You will
not see your password typed (echoed) on
the screen as you type it. Your password
is hidden from view to prevent others from
looking over your shoulder and getting your
password, thereby gaining access to your
account. Don't forget to hit the RETURN
key after typing the password.
7. The system will then respond with login
messages and you will be ready to proceed
with whatever you need to do when the
system prompt
OK,
is displayed.
(NOTE: For more extensive information on using UKNET, the Campus
Network, type HELP NETWORK.)
LOOKING UP YOUR ACCOUNT NAME
If you do not already know your account number (or userid) and
password, login to the account named LOOKUP using the password LOOKUP.
When prompted type in your first or last name. A list of names that
match the first or last name you typed in will be displayed on the
screen along with a corresponding account. Locate your name on the list
and your account number will be next to it. Your password will be your
student id number or your staff/faculty id number. (Note that you will
enter your 9 digit id number with no dashes (-) or spaces as your
password.) You will be required to change your password the first time
you login. Passwords must be at least 5 characters in length but not
more than 16 characters long. Embedded spaces are not allowed.
LOGGING OUT
To end your terminal session, type
LOGOUT
(This command, LOGOUT, can be abbreviated to just LO.) You must be
aware of the timeout feature. If you do not use your terminal for
fifteen (15) minutes, the system will automatically log you out and
display the message
Maximum Inactive Time Limit Exceeded
- 12 -
SYSTEM PROMPTS: OK, AND ER!
The system prompts tell you that PRIMOS is awaiting your next
command. There are two default prompts:
1. OK,
2. ER!
The "OK," prompt tells you that the last command that you gave was
successfully executed and PRIMOS is now awaiting your next command. The
"ER!" prompt tells you that the last command was not successfully
executed and that PRIMOS is now awaiting your next command. "ER!" is
usually preceded by one or more error messages describing the failure of
the last command.
CONTROL KEY
The Control Key on the terminal may be used in conjunction with other
keys to create a new usage for that specific other key. If somewhere in
this text you see CTRL+U, for example, you will need to hold down the
Control Key, press and release the U key, then release the Control Key.
SPECIAL CHARACTERS
The CRT terminals have certain characteristics that are built into
the terminal. To display the current terminal characteristics, type
TERM -DISPLAY
The default settings are:
* kill character -- CTRL+U
deletes everything typed since the RETURN
key was last pressed.
* backspace character -- backspace key
deletes the last character typed.
SPECIAL KEYS
RETURN The RETURN key signals PRIMOS that you
have completed typing a command and that
you are ready for PRIMOS to process the
command.
BREAK Stops whatever is currently being
or processed in memory and returns PRIMOS
CTRL+P to your control.
- 13 -
CTRL+S Stops output scrolling on the CRT screen
for viewing.
CTRL+Q Resumes output scrolling on the CRT
screen for viewing.
; (semicolon) The logical end-of-line character. The
semicolon is used to enter more than one
command on one line.
ONLINE HELP AND USER INFORMATION
Using Help
To enter the online help facility type
HELP
Once in the HELP facility, you have to enter commands to move through
a series of menus where you can pick new topics by number or move back
to previous ones. The commands available for each screen are shown at
the bottom of the screen. You simply enter the letter or number of your
choice and then press the <return> key. These commands are as follows:
(NOTE: Not all are available at every screen. Check the bottom line for
applicable commands for the current screen.)
Q uit quit from HELP
R efresh refresh your screen
U p up a level, (used after diving), or to get back to main
menu
N ext display next screen of text for current topic
P revious display previous screen of text for current topic
S tart over display first screen of text for current topic
D ive go to a deeper level of help
X refs list a cross reference
H elp help about HELP commands and usage
# display information for an item (where # is a number)
<break key> pressing the break key will take you to the main menu, or
if you are at the main menu, will exit HELP
The basic way to get help is to simply type HELP. This will give you
a list of all available help topics. You can page through these, then
enter the number of the topic you wish to see. The quickest way to get
the information you want is to type HELP topic, (where topic is a
keyword for the information you want), for example, HELP LD. This will
display the help text for the LD command and give you an opportunity to
Dive to a deeper level to get help on various options.
If you know the option or sub-topic you are looking for, you can go
directly to that point by typing HELP topic -OPT option. For example,
HELP LD -OPT FILE. This will give you help on the -FILE option to the
LD command.
- 14 -
When entering the help facility, you will be asked for a terminal
type. Enter the type of terminal that you are using so the full screen
capabilities will work correctly. At the printing of this manual the
terminal types for TVI910P and TVI955 (terminals located at cluster
sites) are not defined, but selecting TVI924 should suffice for the time
being. VT100 has been tested and works for any device emulating a VT100
terminal. We are investigating adding more types. If you have a
terminal not listed when you first enter HELP then choose TTY. If you
do not want to be prompted each time you enter the HELP facility, you
should use the TSET command to tell the system your terminal type when
you login. For more information, see the online help for TSET by typing
HELP TSET.
Getting Information Using VIEW
VIEW is a service that distributes information to our users. VIEW is
used to both access general information and to access other commands
that provide general information. For example, you can use VIEW to both
get information on campus events, and to access the online phone book or
schedule book to get phone numbers or class information.
To use VIEW type
VIEW
Once in VIEW you will be shown a list of topics from which to choose.
You can pick the number of the topic, or enter one of the commands
displayed at the bottom of the screen. These commands are as follows:
Q quit VIEW
R redraw your screen
F display the next screen of topics (pressing the return key will
also do this)
B display the previous screen of topics
# entering the item number will display information or take you to
the next level where you can get more information
VIEW requires that you use the TSET command to tell the system your
terminal type when you login. For more information, see the online help
for TSET by typing HELP TSET.
REPORTING PROBLEMS
When you have complaints or suggestions about the PRIME, you should
report them using SUGGEST. SUGGEST can also be used for reporting
broken terminals, consultants that are not on duty during scheduled
times, any software problems, or the need for paper or ribbons at a
cluster site. SUGGEST is not interactive with any systems user, so
SUGGEST messages are not read as soon as they are received. It may be
several hours later or on the next business day. If immediate help with
the printers is needed, you can call the Computing Center at 257-2900 24
hours a day.
- 15 -
To use SUGGEST type
SUGGEST
and follow the given instructions.
FILES AND DIRECTORIES
Creating a File
A file can be created by using the editor (see the section in this
user guide entitled Sheffield Editor). Programs and data can be stored
in files.
Some files can be created by programs. Within a program you can
direct the output to be written to a file instead of the terminal
screen. To write to a file, check with a reference guide on the specific
language you are using.
Creating a Sub-directory
Your Prime account may contain sub-directories. Sub-directories are
convenient for grouping related files together so that your directory
does not look cluttered. A sub-directory can contain files and may also
contain more sub-directories.
You can create a sub-directory by using the CREATE command. When you
list your directory using the LD command, you will see the names of the
files that are in your account and following you will also see your sub-
directories listed by name. You can access the files in a sub-directory
by using the DOWN command with a sub-directory name. The commands that
can be used in association with sub-directories follow later in the
subsection titled Commands for File and Sub-Directory Handling.
Naming a File or Sub-directory
The name of a file or a sub-directory may have up to thirty-two
characters. The filename may be composed of any of the following
characters, the only restriction being that the first character of the
filename may not be a digit. Please note that blanks (spaces) are not
allowed anywhere.
A-Z (alphabet)
0-9 (numeric digits)
& (ampersand)
# (pound sign)
$ (dollar sign)
- (dash, minus sign)
* (asterisk, star)
. (period, dot)
/ (slash, divide sign)
_ (underscore)
- 16 -
Naming Conventions
There are few restrictions on the name that you can give a file on
the PRIME. However, you should note that many of the compilers
(language processors) and commands on the PRIME will make certain
assumptions if you follow certain naming guidelines.
Filename suffixes help to identify the file contents with regard to
the language in which the source code was written. For instance, if you
wrote a Pascal program and named the file containing the source code
"PROG1.PAS", then the compilation and execution of that program
(depending on the options specified) might produce a file named
"PROG1.BIN" which would contain the binary code, and a file named
"PROG1.LIST" which would contain the program listing. Furthermore, SEG
(the SEGmented loader) or BIND would take the binary file, link all the
necessary libraries that you specify, and produce a file named
"PROG1.SEG" with SEG or "PROG1.RUN" with BIND, which would contain the
binary code necessary to execute the program.
Some common filename suffixes are:
BASIC, C, COB, COBOL85, F77, PAS, SPIT (source files)
BIN the binary code produced by the compiler
LIST the program listing produced by the compiler
SEG the linked binary code produced by SEG
RUN executable code produced by BIND
Some files which do not use standard suffixes may instead use the
filename prefixes to identify the contents of the file.
Some common filename prefixes are:
B_ Binary code produced by compiler
L_ Source program listing
C_ Command files
T$ Temporary work files (For example, T$0000)
# Seg files
Commands for File and Sub-directory Handling
PRIMOS has several commands to control and access files and file
contents. These commands can be used to list the contents of files and
directories, and to copy, add, delete, edit, and print the contents of
files. The capitalized letters of each command indicate the
abbreviation for that command. For example, LD is the abbreviation for
the List Directory command.
Attach arg Allows you to attach to the
directory arg if the account
you are currently logged into
is specified in the Access
Control List of directory arg.
- 17 -
Close arg Closes the file arg. Arg
could be a filename or a list
of PRIMOS file unit numbers,
or the word "ALL" which
closes all open files and
units (except those created
by the RECORD command). Files
opened using the RECORD
command can be closed with
the RECORD command.
CName arg1 arg2 Changes the name of arg1 to
arg2. The arguments can be
files or directories.
COPY arg1 arg2 Copies a file or directory
specified by arg1. When copy-
ing from one directory to the
current directory, arg2 (name
for the new file or directory)
is optional. If arg2 is omit-
ted the same filename in arg1
will be used for the name of
the new file or directory.
If you are copying from with-
in the same directory arg2 is
not optional. Both arg1 and
arg2 can be filenames or
pathnames.
CREATE arg Creates a new sub-directory
with the name specified by
arg.
DELETE arg Deletes the directory or file
specified by arg. Arg could
also be a list of directories
and/or files to be deleted. A
list must be enclosed in
parentheses.
DOWN arg Allows you to go "down into"
a sub-directory. You can
specify which one of several
sub-directories to descend
into with the optional arg.
EDit_ACcess arg1 arg2:arg3
Edits the access rights for
the named directory or
file. Arg1 is the target
file or directory on which
you wish to edit the access
rights. Arg2 is the account
to add to the access list.
Arg3 is the access rights
which arg2 will have to arg1.
- 18 -
LAC arg The List ACcess command lists
the access rights of arg. Arg
can be a file, a directory,
or a sub-directory. If arg is
omitted, then the access list
for the current directory is
given. The information given
lets you know who has access
to your account, files, or
sub-directories.
LD The List Directory command
displays the files and sub-
directories in the directory
you are currently attached
to. It has several arguments
that allow for controlled
listing format and selection
of entries.
SET_DELETE filename -PRO
Protects a file named file-
name from accidental deletion.
UP Allows you to go "up into" a
directory one level up. If an
optional pathname is speci-
fied as an argument the tree
is scanned at successively
higher levels.
WHERE Displays the pathname of
where you are currently
attached.
- 19 -
Listing the Contents of Files
To list (show) the contents of a file at your CRT terminal, type
SLIST filename
where filename is the name of the file that you want printed. When
using SLIST the file will be listed to your screen until the end of the
file. If you would like for only one screen of lines from the file to
be printed and wait for you to hit return before seeing the next screen
of lines from the file, type
DISP filename
To list (print) the contents of a file on a printer, use the PRINT
command. The format of the PRINT command is:
PRINT filename destination
where filename is the name of the file that you want printed, and
destination is the name of the printer where you want the file printed.
For example, if you want the file PROG1.BASIC printed on the printer at
the M. I. King Library, you would type:
PRINT PROG1.BASIC LIB
PRIMOS will provide an informative message telling you that the file
specified was sent to print and the length of the file in PRIMOS
records. To see the entries in the PRINT queue, use the -LIST option.
You would therefore type:
PRINT -LIST
PRIMOS will then provide a complete list of all the files waiting to
print on all printers. Included with this information will be the
filename of the files waiting to print, the userid of the user who has
sent the file to print, the time that the file was sent, and the size of
the file in PRIMOS records. The option -DETAIL may be added to the
PRINT command in order to see more information concerning where the file
is being printed and the full pathname of the file.
- 20 -
For your convenience, the printer names and locations are listed
below:
PRINTER NAME LOCATION
------------ --------
AG Ag Data Center
DORM Kirwin-Blanding Complex Commons
DORMLP Kirwin-Blanding Complex Commons
LASER McVey Hall, Room 111
LIB M. I. King Library, Room 213
MCV111 McVey Hall, Room 111
HSLC Health Sciences Learning Center, 6th floor
POTM1 Patterson Office Tower, Mezzanine
POTM2 Patterson Office Tower, Mezzanine
STC208 Student Center, Room 208
(The following printers are connected to the IBM system but are
accessible to PRIME users through the PRINT command)
CENTRAL McVey Hall, Data Center (basement)
CCUSER1 McVey Hall, Room 111
HOT McVey Hall, Room 111
CHANGING YOUR PASSWORD
You can change your login password by using the CPW (Change_PassWord)
command. To do this, you must enter your current password when asked.
PRIMOS will query you for the new password, and then will require you to
confirm your new password. You must successfully pass all three stages
of this procedure for the password change to take place.
For example, if your current password is oldpass and you wanted to
change your password to newpass, you would go through the following
PRIMOS session (remember, "OK," is the system prompt).
OK, CPW
Old Password: oldpass
New Password: newpass
Reenter new password for confirmation: newpass
Neither the old password or the new password will be displayed on the
screen when you type them. Passwords must be at least 5 characters in
length but not more than 16 characters long. Embedded spaces are not
allowed.
- 21 -
RECORDING, HARDCOPY COPIES OF TERMINAL SESSIONS
You can save a copy of your terminal session in a file by using the
RECORD command. When you type
RECORD filename
everything which is typed or displayed on the CRT, after the RECORD
command, is saved (recorded) into the file named on the command line
(filename). You will be notified if a file by that filename already
exists. If you wish to write over the file, type
RECORD filename -O
When you have finished performing whatever task it is that you want a
hardcopy of, you type
RECORD -End
which will stop recording your session and will close the RECORD file.
You can now print the RECORD file using the PRINT command as shown
earlier in this manual.
MAIL
The Mail system on the Prime may be used to send letters to other
users, to read letters sent by other users, and to post and read letters
on the PRIME bulletin board system. To use the Mail system enter the
following command:
MAIL
The "> " prompt will be displayed on the screen. Mail subcommands
may now be entered. Some of the more common subcommands and their
purpose follow.
TO arg Sends mail to the user whose account number
is specified by arg. You will be asked for
a subject when you send mail. The subject
will be inserted on the Subject line of the
letter. When you are finished entering the
letter type QUIT. You will be asked if you
are "Ready to quit now?" Answer yes and
the mail will be sent.
Read Displays a letter, a group of letters, or
all the letters in a mailbox. After you
read a letter the prompt "Disposition"
will be displayed. At this point you can
enter any of the following subcommands:
APpend, Copy, Delete, FILe, FOrward, Help,
Keep, Quit, or the Return key.
Help Displays the help file for Mail.
- 22 -
Quit Exits from Mail.
Any information on the Mail command line will be treated as a
subcommand, and Mail will exit after the subcommand is executed. For
example,
MAIL Read
will enter the Mail system, let you read all the mail you have waiting
in your mailbox, and then exit the Mail system.
For more information on using the bulletin board system in mail, type
HELP MAIL.
USING BITNET AND INTERNET WITH MAIL
Mail can also be sent to other people throughout the world who are
connected via networks such as BITNET or Internet. Both of these
networks are a type of 'long distance service' letting computers and
their users at different locations around the world communicate with
each other. BITNET links educational institutions while Internet links
educational and industrial locations.
To send mail to someone through BITNET or Internet you will first
need to obtain their address. The address would consist of their userid
followed by an '@' symbol followed by the name of the computer on which
their userid is located. The computer name is also referred to as the
nodename. A typical address for BITNET may look something like
UK00000@UKPR or for Internet it may look like UK00000@ukpr.uky.edu. If
you are just sending mail to another user on the computer where you are
currently logged on, there is no need to add the '@' and the nodename.
Following is a list of some common nodenames for other computers on
campus and at other universities.
UK Campus
Computer Nodenames
BITNET Internet
--------------------------------------------------------------
PRIME 6650 UKPR ukpr.uky.edu
IBM 3090 UKCC ukcc.uky.edu
NeXTs (public labs) mik.uky.edu
Math Sciences ms.uky.edu
Wang ukwang.uky.edu
OTHER CAMPUSES
Morehead State University (Prime Computer) MOREKYPR
Morehead State University (IBM Computer) MOREKYVM
University of Louisville (IBM Computer) ULKYVM
University of Louisville (Vax Computer) ULKYVX
Eastern Kentucky University EKU
Transylvania University TRANSY
Northern Kentucky University NKUVAX
Yale University YALEVM
- 23 -
COMPUTER LANGUAGES AND PACKAGES ON THE PRIME
The PRIME supports several computer languages which you can use to
write your programs. Computer languages are processed by compilers or
interpreters. Most languages are compiled first and require a second
step to link all the required library routines before they can be
executed. A linker or loader performs this function by loading in the
binary code produced by compilation and then searching the library names
that you specify for the missing routines. However, for your
convenience, the UKCC PRIME staff has written a command, EXEC, that does
this for you. The EXEC command is explained in more detail later in
this manual. Please remember the naming conventions discussed earlier.
A BASIC program should have an extension of '.BASIC', a PASCAL program
should have an extension of '.PAS', and a C program should have an
extension of '.C'.
ADA
The ADA language used on the Prime is from the University of
Virginia/Gensoft. It was developed by Western Digital Corporation, but
the group responsible for the compiler later split off from Western
Digital to form Gensoft Corporation. They bought the rights to the
compiler. Gensoft has been working on ADA in close cooperation with the
Advanced Development Group of the Academic Computer Center at the
University of Virginia. This version of ADA is a full ANSI standard
implementation, but is not yet a validated version.
The LOAD-AND-GO system compiles an ADA program stored in a PRIMOS
file. If the compilation is successful then the program is immediately
executed; subsequently, it may be re-executed any number of times at the
user's discretion. If the compilation is unsuccessful, a compilation
listing is produced. Programs run with the LOAD-AND-GO system are
limited to input from and output to the user terminal. To use the LOAD-
AND-GO system, for example on a program named PROG1, just type:
ADA PROG1
An important restriction imposed by the LOAD-AND-GO system is that
the base name of the source treename must be the same as the name of the
main procedure of the ADA program to be compiled. For example, if the
main procedure is called MAIN, then the filename must be either MAIN or
MAIN.ADA.
- 24 -
BASIC
To enter the BASIC subsystem, type
BASICV
You will now be in the BASIC environment. While you are in the BASIC
environment, the PRIMOS prompt will be replaced by the BASIC prompt
which is the "greater than" sign ( ">" ). This prompt signals that
BASIC is waiting for you to enter either a BASIC command or a BASIC
statement.
The major commands in BASIC are:
LIST RUN
FILE QUIT
NEW OLD
For specific information regarding the BASICV programming language,
refer to PRIME's reference manual, "BASIC/VM Programmer's Guide".
C
The C language was created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell
Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. One of the first applications
of C was the re-implementation of the UNIX (a trademark of Bell
Laboratories) operating system, which was originally written in PDP-11
assembly language. Traditionally, systems programs such as compilers and
operating systems were written in assembler, since it was felt that
high-level languages were not efficient enough to perform these types of
tasks. The success of UNIX has shown that a language such as C, which
can more aptly be described as a medium-level language, can be used to
write efficient systems programs.
Over the past decade, C has steadily increased in popularity. Both C
and UNIX have been widely used at colleges and universities for some
time. Recently, C has caught the interest of the general computing
community. C has a unique blend of features, combining the convenience
of a high-level language with the flexibility of assembler.
For specific information regarding the C programming language, refer
to PRIME's reference manual, "PRIME C Users Guide". Another source of
information on the C programming language is The C Programming Language
(2nd edition) by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie.
COBOL85
The newest version of COBOL on the Prime is COBOL85. The suffix of a
program under this new compiler is COB, or COBOL85. For more
information on the language, type HELP COBOL85.
- 25 -
FORTRAN 77
FTN77 is the compiler for the FORTRAN 77 language. FTN77 has a Load-
and-GO (LGO) facility which removes the need to use a linker or loader.
To use FTN77 to compile and execute a program named prog1, type
FTN77 prog1 -LGO
which performs the compile and execute (-LGO) in one step.
External libraries and binary routines may be included by specifying
them after the -LGO option. For example, if you had a program named
prog1 that used a binary compilation of a routine in your UFD named
routine1, you would type
FTN77 prog1 -LGO -LIB ROUTINE1
This step would compile the program named prog1 and link it with your
binary file ROUTINE1 for unresolved references.
For specific information regarding the FORTRAN 77 language, refer to
"The University of Salford FTN77 Reference Guide". Also you can attach
to the directory named MANUAL and examine the file named FTN77.MANUAL.
PASCAL
The PRIME uses the University of Sheffield PASCAL. There are two
commands for using PASCAL: (1) PASCALG, which is the load-and-go version
and (2) PASCALS, which requires the use of a linker or loader.
To use the load-and-go PASCAL, which automatically compiles, links,
and executes, type
PASCALG filename
To use the version which produces a binary file and requires the use of
a linker or loader (see the section on BIND) in order to execute, type
PASCALS filename
For specific information regarding the PASCAL programming language,
use the PRIME HELP system by issuing the command: HELP PASCAL, or attach
to the MANUAL directory and examine the file named PASCALS.INFO.
- 26 -
PILOT
PILOT is a programming language developed for use in Computer Aided
Instruction (CAI) programs. Since CAI programs are highly interactive,
this language was designed to be highly efficient with regard to
interactive tasks. To compile and execute a PILOT program named prog1,
type
PILOT prog1
For specific information about PILOT, attach to the directory named
MANUAL and examine the file named PILOT.MANUAL.
PROLOG
PROLOG (PROgrammed in LOGic) is not an algebraic language like
FORTRAN or PASCAL, but was designed to allow the programmer to describe
the known facts and relationships about a known problem. PROLOG is
ideally suited for applications involving symbolic computation. PROLOG
has been used in many applications including artificial intelligence,
natural language processing and expert systems. PROLOG is from the
University of Salford (England).
For specific information regarding the PROLOG programming language,
attach to the directory named MANUAL and examine the file named
PROLOGIX.MANUAL.
DATABASE PACKAGE
ORACLE
ORACLE Relational Database Management System is a computer program
that manages pieces of information (data) stored in a computer. ORACLE
lets you get to this data by providing you with a set of commands that
tell the computer what to do. These commands are in a language called
SQL. SQL is intended for use by both data processing professionals and
people who have little or no knowledge of computers. To use ORACLE,
contact the PRIME ORACLE Database Administrator at the Computing Center.
WORDPROCESSING PACKAGE
PRIMEWORD
Primeword is a full-screen wordprocessor that lets you create, edit,
and print professional looking documents. It has features of spell
checking with a 100,000 word dictionary, list processing (Merge), and
capabilities for scientific equations. It is menu-driven for easy use,
with predefined formats for beginners or more advanced users may set
their own formats. The printers at the cluster sites can be used to
print rough drafts. The two laser printers, located in 111 McVey Hall
and the Kirwan-Blanding Complex Commons Area are to be used for final
- 27 -
copies only. A PRIMEWORD Users Guide can be obtained from 111 McVey
Hall, the Consulting Room in 107 McVey Hall, or you can attach to the
directory named MANUAL and examine the file PRIMEWORD.MANUAL.
STATISTICAL PACKAGES
GLIM
GLIM (Generalized Linear Interactive Models) was developed by the
Royal Statistical Society in England. GLIM was developed originally as
a framework for the fitting of generalized linear models to data, but it
has other uses. It can be used as a calculator, operating on vectors
and scalars with arithmetic expressions and functions. GLIM can also be
used for exploratory data analysis and as a teaching aid. To access
GLIM on the PRIME, type
SEG GLIM03>#GLIM
VARIOUS SUBROUTINES LIBRARY
IMSL
The IMSL libraries (single and double precision) contain many
subroutines to do statistical analysis from FORTRAN programs. A small
introductory manual is available in the manual rack at the terminal
cluster sites. This guide briefly describes the routines available in
the IMSL package. You need to compile programs using IMSL with FTN77 to
create a .BIN file and then use BIND to create a .RUN file. Following
are the commands you would use:
FTN77 programname -FRN -INTL
BIND
LOAD programname
LIBRARY IMSLIB
LIBRARY F77LIB
LIBRARY
FILE
Then to actually run the program use:
R programname
A complete set of reference manuals for IMSL may be found in the
Consulting Room, 107 McVey Hall.
***IMSL will be removed from the Prime system in December 1992.
- 28 -
SPREADSHEET PACKAGE
QuickPlan
***Note: QuickPlan is no longer a supported product.
QuickPlan is a spreadsheet program used on the Prime. You can enter
the spreadsheet by typing
QP
Following are the commands which can be used in QuickPlan. For more
information, type HELP QUICKPLAN.
QuickPlan Commands
/B - Blank the highlighted cell.
/C - Clear the sheet and reset everything.
/D - Delete the row or column on which the cursor lies.
Subcommands - R - Row
C - Column
/E - Edit the contents of the highlighted cell.
/F - Change the format of the highlighted cell.
Subcommands - D - Reset format to default set previously by /GF.
G - Specify general format.
I - Specify integer format.
L - Specify left-justified format for values.
R - Specify right-justified format for values.
$ - Specify dollar and cents format.
* - Specify bar-graph format.
/G - Change the value of global parameters.
Subcommands - C - Change the global column width.
O - Change the order of reevaluation (either by rows or
columns).
R - Change the type of recalculation (either automatic
or manual).
F - Change all unformatted entries to specified format.
P - Change the calculation precision.
/H - Display the Help text.
/I - Insert a row or column
Subcommands - R - Row
C - Column
/M - Move a row or column to a new position.
/P - Print the sheet on a printer or into a specified file.
Subcommands - S - Print to printer.
W - Write to file.
(Note: The S subcommand to print the sheet directly to
the printer should not be used. Use only the /PW command.)
/Q - Quit QuickPlan.
/R - Replicate a single cell, a row, or a column.
/S - Load/Save a worksheet from/to a specified file.
Subcommands - L - Load a specified file.
S - Save the entire sheet.
V - Save the values of a portion of the sheet.
/T - Set a tile area (horizontal, vertical, neither, or both)
- 29 -
Subcommands - H - Fix all rows in window from cursor up.
V - Fix all columns in window from cursor left.
B - Fix both rows and columns in window.
N - Negate all title fixing.
/V - Display the date and time of the last compilation.
/W - Split the screen into two windows (horizontal or vertical).
Subcommands - H - Split window horizontally at cursor position.
V - Split window vertically at cursor position.
1 - Expand window containing cursor to full screen.
S - Initiate synchronized scrolling.
U - Terminate synchronized scrolling.
/- - Enter a repeating label.
Backtab - Erase the last valid character typed.
Clearspace - Cancel the current operation.
THE EXEC COMMAND
The EXEC command was written by the UKCC staff to simplify the
process of compiling, linking, and executing programs which require the
use of BIND. To use the EXEC command, you must supply the name of the
file to be compiled and executed, plus the names of any routines not
included in the general libraries (usually these routines are related to
specific fields, such as IMSL routines).
The only requirement to use the EXEC command is that the suffix of
the filename to be compiled and executed must end in one of the
recognized standard formats. For example, a file that contains a BASIC
program should have a suffix of ".BAS" or ".BASIC".
The EXEC command allows you to specify up to four (4) libraries to be
searched for unresolved references. Libraries are specified by
appending the argument "-LIBn lib" onto the end of the command line,
where "n" is the nth library specified and "lib" is the name of the
library you wish to search.
For example, if you wanted to execute a FORTRAN 77 program named
prog1 which required the binary routine named routine1 in a ufd named
UFD000, you would type
EXEC PROG1 -LIB1 UFD000>ROUTINE1
For more information, type HELP EXEC.
- 30 -
BIND
BIND creates runfiles from binary files produced by the following
compilers: CC, COBOL85, FTN77, and PASCALS. The format of the BIND
command comes in either interactive or command-line.
Interactive:
OK, BIND /* BIND print a : prompt on next line.
: LOAD pathname /* The object file with main procedure.
: LOAD pathname2 /* Another optional object file.
: LIBRARY library_name /* Language-specific library.
: LIBRARY library_name2 /* Application library. Optional.
: LIBRARY /* Prime standard system library. Required.
BIND COMPLETE /* Message from BIND.
: FILE pathname /* Saves EPF "pathname.RUN" and returns
/* to PRIMOS.
Command-line:
OK, BIND -LO pathname [-LO name2] [-LI libname1] [-LI libname2] -LI
The language-specific libraries used with the LIBRARY subcommand are:
CC: C_LIB COBOL85: COBOL85LIB
FTN77: F77LIB Pascal: IPASLB
PMA: none
For more information on BIND, type HELP BIND.
- 31 -
THE SHEFFIELD EDITOR
LINE EDITOR
An editor is used to create and modify files stored on disk. These
files could be data files, files containing source code, etc. The name
of the Sheffield Editor is ED (EDitor). To initiate the editor, type
ED arg
where arg is the name of the file you intend to edit. This will load the
specified file into the editor and prompt you for edit commands by
placing you in the edit mode. If you are creating a new file, type
ED
When you do not provide a filename on the command line, the editor
knows that you are creating a new file and will automatically put you
into the input mode.
The editor has two modes, input and edit. ED will provide you with
line prompts so you know exactly what mode you are in when entering a
command or data. The "&" is the prompt for the input mode, and the "$"
is the prompt for the edit mode.
Input Mode
In the input mode, the editor inserts everything you type into the
file that you are building.
Edit Mode
In the edit mode, you must enter recognizable commands that tell the
editor what you want to do. You would generally use the edit mode to
change information currently in the file.
Changing Between Modes
To change from one mode to another, press the RETURN key only at the
beginning of a new line. The editor will type the name of the mode for
you and will present the new respective prompt ("&" or "$").
More Information on the Line Editor
Specific information about usage and commands can be found in "The
New User's Guide to EDITOR and RUNOFF". A summary of the editor
commands is available in "PRIMOS Commands: The Programmers Companion".
A UKCC-written manual, "UKCC Sheffield Editor User's Guide", is
available.
- 32 -
LINE EDITOR COMMANDS
Line editor commands may be issued from within the Window editor,
discussed later, by using DEL C.
Shortened forms of the commands are shown in Upper Case.
Command Description
Append string Append string to current line.
Bottom Move cursor to bottom of file.
BRief Suppress verification output after establishing or
changing a line.
BUffer n Switch to buffer n (1..99).
BUffer Display buffers.
CEntre Center text on the current line within the margins.
Change/string1/string2/
Replace the first occurrence of string1 by string2
on the current line.
Change/string1/string2/G arg
Replace all occurrences of string1 by string2 on
the current line. The optional variable arg can be
used for changing more than one line. Arg can be a
negative or positive number for number of lines, *
for all lines, or M for changing from current line
to 'marked' line.
COminput file Obey a file of line editor commands.
DELBuf n1 n2.. Delete specified buffers.
Delete n Delete n lines.
Delete TO string Delete up to but not including the line containing
string.
DUnload file n Copy n lines to file and delete them.
DU file TO string Copies up to but not including the next line
containing 'string'. The text is copied to the file
specified and is deleted from the current file.
EDit file Start new edit of a file
Erase char Set char to be ERASE character.
EXPand Replace tab characters with spaces.
EXtract buffer col1 col2 options
Extract a vertical column of text into a buffer.
FILe file Save file, and end edit.
FILEAll Saves all files which have been tagged as
'modified'.
Find string Find line with string starting in column 1.
Find(n) string Find line with string starting in column n.
FName file Change current name using file
FName Display current name.
Gmodify subdirs Modify the current line using subdirectives.
Help Enter HELP system.
IB string Insert string before current line.
Insert string Insert string after current line.
IW Switch to input window mode.
Kill char Set char to be the KILL character.
LInesz n Report when the cursor is on a line of more than n
(default 1023) characters.
LOAd filename Copy a file into the workfile below current line.
- 33 -
LOADState file Used to read a file of commands.
Locate string Move the cursor to the next line containing string.
Locate(n) string Move the cursor to the next line containing string
on/after column n.
MACClear Clear all window edit macros.
MACLoad filename Load macros from file.
MACPrint Display all macros.
MACPrint maclist Display only specified macros.
MACSave filename Save window edit macros.
MArk n Mark line n for CHANGE or TEXT. (If n=0 marker is
removed and n is optional.)
MErge buffer col1 col2 options
Allows merging of two file buffers side by side.
MODE Display or change editor settings. These modes are
listed in the MODE Options section.
Modify/string1/string2/G arg
Same as CHANGE, but preserves column alignment.
MOVe buffer1 buffer2
Move editing instructions from buffer2 into
buffer1.
MOVe buffer1 /string/
Move editing instructions stored in string into
buffer1.
Next n Move cursor n lines, then to column 1.
(Default n = 1; n can be negative or positive.)
NEW file Looks for first empty or unused buffer and switches
to it.
Next n.m Move cursor n lines, then to column m.
NFind string Find next line which does not contain string
starting in column 1.
NFind(n) string Find next line which does not contain string
starting in column n.
NLocate string Find next line which does not contain string at
all.
NLocate(n) string Find next line which does not contain string
starting on or after column n.
OOps Re-instate current line as it was before current
change.
Overlay string Overlay string on current line.
POint n Move pointer to column 1 of line n.
POint n.m Move pointer to column m of line n.
PPrint Print 4 lines before and 4 lines after the current
line.
PPrint -m n Print m lines before, and n lines after, the
current line.
Print n Print n lines.
Print buffer Print line buffer. (Where buffer = EDLIN or
buffer = INLIN).
PUNCT Set editor punctuation symbols.
PSymbol Print a list of special characters.
QF Exit from editor, with no verifying.
Quit Exit from editor after verifying.
RELoad Reload existing file from disk.
Retype string Replace current line by string.
SAve filename Copy workfile to filename, but not exit the editor.
SAVEAll Save all the file buffers.
SAVEState file Save current editing state.
- 34 -
SIze Show the sizes of files being edited.
SPlit buffer#s orientations sw
Allows split-screen editing.
STAts Count words and lines in current buffer.
STyle lm rm pi pb af
Used for text formatting to specify left margin
(lm), right margin (rm), paragraph indentation
(pi), blank lines between paragraphs (pb), and the
adjust flag (af), which would be to ADJUST or FILL
the text. The text will be formatted from the
marked line to the line the cursor is positioned
on. The TEXT command can also be used with STYLE.
Symbol function char
Set char to the specified special character.
TAbset t1 t2.. Set tab positions (up to 30). Use the TAB key to
move to the tab positions.
TErm n Switch or display terminal types.
TEXt n Format file according to STYLE specification from
the marked line to the line the cursor is
positioned on. The variable n is the column number
in which the unformatted text begins.
Top Move to top of file.
Unload file n Same as DUNLOAD, but lines are not deleted.
U file TO string Unloads from current line up to but not including
the line containing string into file.
Verify Activate verification output after establishing or
changing a line.
VERSion Print editor version number.
Where Print current line and column numbers and buffer
number.
WI Switch to window mode.
Xeq buffer Executes contents of specific buffer.
Xeq Executes contents of last command.
! command Obey specific Primos command.
MODE Options
MODE can be followed by any of the following to alter the current
editor settings.
CHAIN Switches on buffer chaining.
NoCHAIN Switches off buffer chaining.
CKpar Activate parity.
NoCKpar Cancel parity.
COlumn Activate column indicator.
NoCOlumn Cancel column indicator.
COMo Allows COMO (RECORD) files of window sessions.
NoCOMo Turns off COMO (or recording) of window sessions.
COUnt n1 n2 n3 mode Activate counter symbol.
NoCOUnt Cancel counter symbol.
DISp Display the buffer number and filename on entry to
windows.
NoDISp Do not display the buffer number and filename on
entry.
INDent Used with window editing for automatic indenting.
NoINDent No indent.
- 35 -
INSert Switch to insert mode in window editor.
NoINSert Switch back to overlay mode.
Margin Switches the editor into text processing input mode.
NoMargin Switches off MODE MARGIN.
Number Activate printing of line numbers.
NoNumber No line numbers.
Prompt Activate display of prompts.
NoPrompt No prompts.
Quiet Tells editor not to print messages which are purely
informative; error messages and prompts are still
printed.
NoQuiet Resets message printing to normal.
SAfety Switches on safety checks on overwriting files.
NoSAfety Switches off checks on overwriting files.
NoSemi Give semicolon face value in input.
Semi Cause semicolon to be used as line separator in input
mode.
Special Characters Available with the Editor
; Is equivalent to a 'new line' character in the line editor.
É Used to precede BACKSPACE or ? or itself to give these
characters their face value. It may also precede an octal
number to represent the ASCII character having that value; i.e.
É210 represents the ASCII backspace character.
\ Is used in line edit mode to represent the tab character.
! Used with FIND, NFIND, LOCATE, NLOCATE to mean 'any character'.
# Similar to !; but means 'any number of spaces or no spaces'.
;* n Used on the end of a command to repeat the command. (N can be
equal to a number of times to repeat the command or be omitted
to repeat until end of file.)
Special Symbols Available with the Editor
If you are in the editor, you can query the definitions of the
special symbols by typing:
PSYMBOL
To change a symbol while in the editor, type
SYMBOL arg1 arg2
where arg2 is the new symbol to replace the old symbol arg1.
Two of the special editor characters are:
É Used for literal insertion of special characters, i.e.,
"É" puts a "?" in the text rather than "killing" the
line.
- 36 -
\ Tab character (use this instead of the tab key).
Notice that the semicolon (;) is the default end-of-line character.
That is, if you type a semicolon while editing, the EDitor will take it
to mean a logical end of line. Thus, if you are in input mode and you
type:
This is line one;This is line two;This is line three;
The editor will insert these three lines into the file (without the
semicolons):
This is line one
This is line two
This is line three
Therefore, if you need to type a real semicolon into your file, it
can be done in one of four ways:
1) Use the "EDD" command instead of the EDitor command.
"EDD" will set "SEMICO OFF".
2) Type an escape character in front of the semicolon
(escape character is a caret).
3) Type "SYMBOL SEMICO char" when entering the editor to
assign some other character to be the logical end-of-line.
4) Type "MODE NOSEMI" when entering the editor to assign
no character to the end-of-line function.
Tutorial
The UKCC also provides a tutorial program that will interactively
teach you the Sheffield Editor. This tutorial is modular; that is, the
lessons are not built upon one another. For instance, if you wanted only
to study the information in lesson five, you would not have to study
lessons one through four. To access this tutorial, type
TEACH
The tutorial is self-explanatory. Follow the instructions and answer the
questions as they are indicated. There is also a manual written by UKCC
to further explain the use of the editor. It is called "UKCC Sheffield
Editor User's Guide".
WINDOW EDITOR
Enter the Sheffield window editor to edit an existing file by typing
"ED FILENAME -W" or type "WI" from the line editor. To create a new
file type "ED -W". The Sheffield window editor is a full screen editor
in which you may use the arrow keys to move around the screen in order
to make changes.
- 37 -
Window Editor Commands
To use the window editor commands, press the DEL key and release,
then type the command key. All alphabetic command keys can be used in
upper and lower case (with the exception of "A"). Many commands can
have their actions "reversed" by using CTRL+N instead of the DEL key.
CTRL+N is formed by pressing the CTRL and "N" keys at the same time.
These will be noted in the list below.
DEL A Convert characters from cursor to end of line to UPPER case.
DEL a Convert characters from cursor to end of line to lower case.
DEL B Break line at cursor position.
DEL C Obey a line editor command.
DEL D Delete marked text (see also DEL M) and copy to a specified
buffer or file.
DEL E Exit from window editor to line editor.
(Not allowed if -NO_LINE or -SCREEN specified on command line)
DEL F Save the file and exit the editor.
DEL H Display Help text.
DEL I Toggle insert/overwrite mode.
DEL J Join next line onto current line at cursor position.
DEL L Load text from file or buffer. (see DEL U, DEL D, DEL M)
DEL M Place marker on current line for unloading (see DEL D, DEL U)
or text-formatting.
(CTRL+N M - Cancel the marker)
DEL N Move forward to next buffer window.
(CTRL+N N - Move backward to previous buffer window.)
DEL O Insert 12 blank lines.
(CTRL+N O - Delete any blank lines between current line and
next non-blank line.)
DEL P Mark current character for deleting (see DEL Z) or text-
formatting.
(CTRL+N P - Remove currently active character marker)
DEL Q Exit the editor without saving the workfile.
DEL R Next command to be repeated. You will be prompted for number
of times to repeat.
DEL S Save workfile without leaving the editor.
DEL T Set a tab stop at cursor position.
(CTRL+N T - Clear tab stop at cursor position.)
DEL U Copy marked text (see DEL M) to buffer or file.
DEL V Move the cursor down 12 lines. (V points downwards)
DEL W Switch between edit and input mode.
DEL X Execute the last command obeyed by DEL C again.
DEL Z Delete a character or delete from marked character to current
cursor position (see DEL P).
DEL + Insert a blank line above the current line.
DEL - Delete the current line.
DEL = Redraw the current line.
DEL " Insert a copy of the current line.
DEL & Insert one space at cursor position.
(CTRL+N & -- Delete one character.)
DEL space Insert 20 spaces at cursor position.
(CTRL+N space - Delete spaces to the immediate right of the
cursor on the line.)
DEL / Truncate the current line at the cursor position.
- 38 -
DEL > Move cursor to next tab position.
DEL < Move cursor to previous tab position.
DEL ' Initiate text-formatting. (Used with DEL M and DEL P.)
DEL ( Start definition of a macro.
(CTRL+N ( -- Delete a specified macro.)
DEL ) End definition of a macro.
DEL ô Move cursor to beginning of file.
DEL ö Move cursor to end of file.
DEL Ô Move cursor to one past the last character on the current
line.
DEL Ö Move cursor to beginning of the current line.
DEL É Move cursor up 12 lines. (É points upwards)
DEL { Move cursor down 20 lines. (Pseudo down page)
DEL } Move cursor up 20 lines. (Pseudo up page)
Special Keys in the Window Editor
RETURN Move cursor to beginning of next line (see line
editor MODE INDENT command).
HOME Move cursor to top left corner.
BACKSPACE Move the cursor one place to the left.
ô Move cursor one position up.
ö Move cursor one position down.
Ô Move cursor one position right.
Ö Move cursor one position left.
TAB Move cursor to next tab position.
BACK TAB Move cursor to previous tab position.
CLEAR SPACE Redraw the screen.
CTRL+X Cancels the action being prompted for.
(NOTE: For more commands or detailed information on the line or window
editor, a UKCC Sheffield Editor User's Guide can be obtained from 111
McVey Hall, the Consulting Room in 107 McVey Hall, or you can attach to
the directory named MANUAL and examine the file EDITOR.MANUAL.)
- 39 -
MINI-COMMAND LEVEL
The current revision of the operating system limits the number of
times you may break and/or have a program abnormally end. When this
limit (10) is exceeded, you will be placed into an environment known as
the mini-command level. At this level you will only be allowed to issue
a limited number of commands. These commands can be found by typing LMC
(List_Mini_Commands). To recover from this environment you may type RLS
-ALL. If you still do not recover, a more drastic command ICE
(Initialize Command Environment) may be issued. Not only does ICE
release the command levels from your stack, it will deallocate NPX slave
processes, clear all virtual circuits open, close all open files,
deallocate private dynamic and static segments, reset the ring3 command
environment, and execute your login file.
After executing any program that requires loading, and BIND is used,
it would be good to type RLS -ALL or ICE if a program abnormally
terminates, before re-compiling and executing. The reason is that when
a RUN file, produced by BIND, is executed, it is loaded and KEPT in
memory for further executions. If you do not release your stack by
using RLS -ALL, you will execute the same code as the previous
execution, thus receiving the same error. This recommendation applies
only to programs that terminate abnormally.
- 40 -
COMMON ERROR MESSAGES
This section provides a list of common PRIMOS error messages. For a
complete list of compiler and source language error messages, refer to
the appropriate language reference manual.
Error Message Explanation
------------- -----------
INSUFFICIENT ACCESS RIGHTS An attempt was made to attach to an
account that was protected by an ACL
in which you were not granted access
rights.
FILE IN USE Attempt was made to open a file that
was already open and in use. To
remedy this, you should close the
file specified. If you are in ED, you
can PAUSE and close the specified
file, then START and continue.
FILE OPEN ON DELETE Attempt was made to delete a file
that was open for input or output. To
remedy this, close the indicated file
using the CLOSE command.
FILE ALREADY EXISTS Attempt was made to open a new file
with a filename that already exists
on the UFD.
END OF FILE Attempt was made to read input past
the last entry in a file from a
program. The usual causes for this
error are: no end-of-file condition
has been specified, an infinite loop
exists, or there is a logic error.
POINTER FAULT PRIMOS attempted to reference an
argument or instruction not in memory
This usually occurs when the load is
not complete. Check your program to
insure for both calling and called
programs that the program name and
argument list correspond, and that
any needed arrays are properly
declared. Also, check the LOAD
sequence to insure that the "LOAD
COMPLETE" message was received.
- 41 -
Error Message Explanation
------------- -----------
MAXIMUM QUOTA EXCEEDED The directory has no more disk space
for user files. To remedy, you must
delete all unnecessary files to free
space.
ACCESS VIOLATION An attempt was made to perform an
operation in a part of memory to
which you have no rights. Your
program could have an unresolved
reference (LOAD NOT COMPLETE). Check
for compilation errors, program
errors, and unresolved references.
MAXIMUM INACTIVE TIME This occurs when a terminal is left
LIMIT EXCEEDED unused (inactive) for fifteen (15)
minutes. PRIMOS will, after fifteen
minutes, automatically log you out.
BAD OBJECT FILE An attempt was made to load a file
which was not of the expected format.
This error usually occurs when using
a linker or loader and a file that
was not a binary file was specified
to be loaded. Also, this error could
be caused by attempting to load or
execute a file that did not complete
the compilation process successfully.
(Nothing Happens) If you attempt to execute a program
and you wait an abnormally long
period of time and have no results,
you have one of several possible
errors. Check to see if the program
is waiting for user input, or for the
existence of an infinite loop. To
avoid wasting valuable computer time
and your account's resources, you
should press the "break" key to stop
program execution as soon as you
suspect a problem.
- 42 -
GETTING MORE INFORMATION
PRIME Computer, Inc., publishes several manuals which provide more
information about the PRIME Computer System. Most of these manuals are
available through the University Bookstore in the Student Center
(Lexington Campus). Most documentation for software purchased from
third parties is located on the IBM system and can be printed centrally
on the 3800 Laser printer, using the MANUAL command. Reference copies
of most of these manuals are available at each terminal cluster
location.
The PRIME User's Guide
Provides general information about PRIMOS, the standard commands, the
editor, the file system, and other facilities. (A UKCC Prime User's
Guide is available from the Computing Center.)
The New User's Guide to EDitor and RUNOFF
Provides a very basic introduction to the editor and the PRIME word
processor RUNOFF. (A UKCC Sheffield Editor User's Guide* is available.)
The PRIMOS Commands Reference Manual
Provides a complete reference to all of the standard system commands.
The LOAD and SEG Reference Guide
Provides complete information about LOAD and SEG.
The Subroutines Reference Guide
Provides detailed information about the PRIME subroutine libraries,
which contain many subroutines which can be used in your programs.
The CPL User's Guide
Provides detailed information regarding the context and use of the
Command Procedure Language (CPL).
The Source Level Debugger Reference Guide
Provides information about the PRIME interactive debugger DBG.
BASIC/VM Programmers Guide
Provides detailed information about the PRIME BASICV Programming
Language.
The University of Salford FTN77 Reference Manual*
Provides detailed information about the "fast" FORTRAN77 Programming
Language and the FTN77 Compiler from the University of Salford.
- 43 -
The University of Salford LISP/PROLOG Reference Manual*
Provides detailed information about the LISP and PROLOG Programming
Languages from the University of Salford.
PRIME C Users Guide
Provides detailed information about the PRIME C Programming Language
and the PRIME C Compiler.
PRIMEWORD Documentation Kit
Provides a set of books in a slipcase. The books are Learning
PRIMEWORD, PRIMEWORD Reference Guide, and PRIMEWORD Your Computer. (A
UKCC PRIMEWORD User's Guide* is available.)
*These manuals are for third party software or are written in-house by
Computing Center staff. You may refer to them online in the PRIME
directory named MANUAL. You may also print them out using the MANUAL
command on the IBM system.
- 44 -
A directories, 16
disciplinary, 2
account name, 12 DISP, 20
accounts, 2 documentation, 14
ADA, 24 DORM, 21
AG, 21 DORMLP, 21
Attach, 17 DOWN, 18
duplex, 10
B
E
backslash, 36
backspace character, 13 EDAC, 18
BASIC, 17, 25 EDD, 37
documentation, 43 edit, 32
baud, 10 editor, 32, 43
BIN, 17 line, 32
BIND, 17, 31 commands, 33
BITNET, 23 tutorial, 37
BREAK, 13 window, 37
commands, 37
C keys, 39
ER!, 12
C, 17, 25 error messages, 41
documentation, 44 errors, 41
caret, 36 exclamation point, 36
CCUSER1, 21 EXEC, 30
CENTRAL, 21
Close, 18 F
cluster sites, 10, 21
CName, 18 file, 20
COB, 17 commands, 17
COBOL85, 17, 25 creating, 16
Commands filename, 17, 22
documentation, 43 filenames, 16
complaints, 15 files, 16
computer aided instruction, 27 naming, 16
connecting from home, 10 FORTRAN, 26, 28
consultants, 10 FTN77, 26
Control documentation, 43
Key, 13 F77, 17
COPY, 18
CPL G
documentation, 43
CPW, 21 general information, 15
CREATE, 18 GLIM, 28
CRT, 10, 13, 20, 22
CTRL, 13 H
D hardcopy output, 10
help, 14
data bits, 10 HOT, 21
database, 27 HSLC, 21
Debugger
documentation, 43 I
DECwriter, 10
DELETE, 18 ICE, 42
dial up, 10 IMSL, 26, 28
input, 32 changing, 21
internet, 10, 23 PILOT, 27
policy, 2
K POTM1, 21
POTM2, 21
kill character, 13 pound sign, 36
PRIME, 2
L PRIMEWORD, 27
documentation, 44
LAC PRIMOS, 1, 13
List_ACcess, 19 PRINT, 20
languages, 23 printers, 10, 20
LASER, 21 PROLOG, 27
LD, 19 documentation, 44
LIB, 21 PSYMBOL, 36
libraries, 26, 30 PSYMBOL Editor Command, 36
LISP
documentation, 44 Q
LIST, 17
listing, 20 QuickPlan, 29
LMC, 42
LOAD R
documentation, 43
Logging Out, 12 RECORD, 22
login, 11 RETURN, 13
LOOKUP, 12 RLS, 42
rules, 2
M RUN, 17
RUNOFF
Mail, 22 documentation, 43
Help, 22
Quit, 22 S
Read, 22
TO, 22 SEG, 17, 28
MCV111, 21 documentation, 43
MODE, 35 semicolon, 13, 36-37
modem, 10 SET_DELETE, 19
Sheffield
N Editor, 32
slist, 20
nodenames, 23 special characters, 13
special keys, 13
O Special Symbols, 36
Backslash, 36
OK,, 12 Caret, 36
ORACLE, 27 spreadsheet, 29
SQL, 27
P statistical packages, 28
STC208, 21
packages, 23 stop bits, 10
parity, 10 sub-directory
PAS, 17 commands, 17
PASCAL, 26 creating, 16
PASCALG, 26 naming, 16
PASCALS, 26 subroutine
password, 11 library, 28
passwords Subroutines
documentation, 43 UKPR, 10
SUGGEST, 15 UP, 19
suggestions, 15 userid, 12
SYMBOL, 36 Users Guide, 43
T V
TEACH, 37 VIEW, 15
TERM, 13
terminal, 13 W
terminals, 10
timeout, 12 WHERE, 19
wordprocessing, 27
U