HISTORICAL MANUALS
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
COMPUTING CENTER
Software Documentation Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Version 3.7
This publication provides infor-
mation on the various methods UKCC
users have for accessing the photo-
typesetting equipment at University
Printing Services.
UU U KK K CCCC CCCC
UU U KK K CC CC
UU U KKK CC CC
UU U KK K CC CC
UUU KK K CCCC CCCC
First Edition, Revision 0 (March 1982)
This edition applies to the program UNIPOST
and the program TTSTRAN. UNIPOST is a
modification of the VIP post-processor
written at the University of Waterloo.
Portions of this document are adapted from
University of Waterloo documentation.
Technical changes made to the contents of
this manual are indicated by a vertical
bar to the left of the change.
University of Kentucky
Computing Center
72 McVey Hall 00451
Lexington, KY 40506
Phone: 606/258-2914
Processed March 22, 1982 with UW SCRIPT - Version 3.7 (11/23/81)
Prepared by UK Computing Center and UK Printing Services
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
CONTENTS
Section 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.A Phototypesetting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.B Phototypesetting Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ascenders and Descenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Picas and Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Character Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Faces and Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Which Typesetting System is Best for You? . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 2. TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.A The SCRIPT Phototypesetting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Typesetting Limitations of SCRIPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fonts in PHOTO Mode (SYSCHARS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Specifying Typefaces and Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Single and Double Quotation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Occasional Oversetting of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Defining the Page Environment for Typesetting . . . . . . . . 10
Redefining the Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SCRIPT Set Symbols for Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.B Invoking SCRIPT and UNIPOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The PHOTO Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The CPI= Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The PSIZE= Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
UNIPOST Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Contents ii
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
The TRNSL=1 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Taking a Tape to Printing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Section 3. TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Creating SCRIPT Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Quotation Marks in TTSTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Writing the File onto a Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Taking a Tape to Printing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Input Text Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Output Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
TTSTRAN JCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Basic Typesetting Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Setting Tabs in TTSTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix A. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix B. Photo Escape Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix C. UNIPOST Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix D. Sample Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Sample SCRIPT Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Sample SCRIPT Post-processor Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Sample TTSTRAN Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Sample TTSTRAN Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Contents iii
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
1.A Phototypesetting Systems
University of Kentucky Computing Center users sometimes need output
of a higher quality than that produced by computer terminals and line
printers. Expanded character sets and variable size characters are
also needed sometimes. These needs can now be met, because text
stored in files on the IBM 370 computer can be printed on phototype-
setting equipment at University Printing Services. This manual
describes the two methods available at the UKCC for converting IBM 370
files into phototypeset copy.
Phototypesetting offers many advantages. Typeset text is legible
and easy to read. It is attractive and professional in appearance,
adding polish and credibility to documents. The ability to change
type styles and sizes allows flexibility and variety, and makes it
possible to emphasize important information. In addition, typesetting
can save money by reducing the number of pages in a document; this
means fewer pages to reproduce, collate, staple or bind, and
distribute.
However, the typesetting process can sometimes be costly, in terms
of both time and money, because it involves many steps. You must
first type the text and take a copy to Printing Services, where it
must be typed again ("keyboarded") on their equipment. The text is
then set into type and a galley (a long page of type) is produced,
which you must proofread. After marking corrections and changes, you
return the galley to Printing, where the portions requiring correc-
tions are re-keyboarded and reset. Another galley is produced, and
more proofreading is required. The process takes time, incurs labor
costs, and may have to be repeated until the text is typeset exactly
as you want it.
Two phototypesetting systems devised by the Computing Center and
Printing Services are designed to reduce the cost of producing typeset
text. Both systems allow you to type and edit your text at a computer
terminal, proofread it, make corrections, and then take a copy (on
tape) to Printing Services. Because you have already done the
keyboarding and proofreading, all Printing Services will have to do,
ideally, is produce the typeset text; additional keyboarding and
proofreading should not be necessary.
The cost of phototypesetting is significantly reduced if you enter
the text yourself at a computer terminal. The cost is further reduced
if you also enter the typesetting commands ("codes") yourself. You
can do both by using the SCRIPT PHOTO system or the TTSTRAN system
available at the UKCC. It should be noted that the SCRIPT PHOTO
system is a pagination system and the TTSTRAN system is not. This
means that SCRIPT allows various components of a page (e.g., text,
Section 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
page numbers, and running headings and footings) to be assembled so
that the page is complete and appears exactly as it will in the
document.
To use the SCRIPT PHOTO system, you work at a computer terminal and
enter your text along with SCRIPT commands ("control words"). SCRIPT
is a document-composition program that formats text; it justifies
margins, centers headings, indents blocks of copy, and so on. When
finished, you use the SCRIPT PHOTO option to produce output that
includes both text and command information ("escape codes").
You then use a post-processing program to further process the text
and escape codes. The SCRIPT post-processor is called UNIPOST.
Basically, UNIPOST converts the escape codes into the typesetting
codes required by the Compugraphic Unisetter, the phototypesetter at
Printing Services. UNIPOST then translates the text and typesetting
codes from EBCDIC code (which the IBM 370 computer recognizes) to TTS
code (which the Unisetter recognizes) and writes them onto a tape. At
Printing the text is copied from the tape onto a floppy disk. The
Unisetter then reads the disk and typesets the text. If you are
already familiar with SCRIPT, this system is probably the best one for
you.
To use the TTSTRAN system, you work at a computer terminal and
enter your text along with the typesetting codes used by the
Unisetter. This system is called TTSTRAN because it TRANSlates your
text from EBCDIC code (used by the IBM 370 computer) to TTS code (used
by the Unisetter), and then writes it onto a tape. At Printing
Services the text is copied from the tape onto a floppy disk. The
disk is then read by the Unisetter, and typeset text is produced.
(NOTE: You don't necessarily have to enter typesetting codes yourself
with TTSTRAN; you can enter only text and have an operator at Printing
Services add the codes later. You save more money by entering the
codes yourself, however.)
Whichever system you decide to use, it is important that you
schedule your typesetting work in advance. Please let Printing
Services know several days ahead of time when you will be bringing a
tape to them and when you will need the typeset text.
Section 1: INTRODUCTION 2
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
1.B Phototypesetting Basics
Phototypesetting is a method of setting type by using photographic
materials and principles. The equipment consists of a light source, a
master image of characters, and photo-sensitive film or paper. After
a character is selected, the light shines through that character and
is focused onto the film or paper by several lenses. Size of the
characters can be changed by moving the lenses.
Like computer users, typesetters have their own jargon and termi-
nology. Since you will be acting as your own typesetter, you will
want to be familiar with the printing terms defined below.
Ascenders and Descenders
Uppercase characters rest on an imaginary horizontal line called
the baseline. Lowercase characters such as "x" also rest on the
baseline, and do not extend below the baseline or above the body of
the character. The height of such lowercase characters is called the
x-height. Some lowercase characters extend below the baseline; the
part of the letter below the baseline is the descender. Characters
with descenders are g, j, p, q, and y. The part of a character which
extends above the x-height is the ascender. Characters with ascenders
are b, d, f, h, k, l, and t.
Picas and Points
The basic unit of measurement used in typesetting is the pica.
There are six picas per inch, so one pica is equal to 1/6 of an inch.
Picas are used to measure line length (the distance, from left to
right, between two margins).
A pica can be divided into twelve points. There are 72 points per
inch, so one point equals 1/72 of an inch. The vertical height of
characters on a typesetter is measured in points and is referred to as
the point size. The point size must include enough space for
characters with ascenders and descenders, and for some extra space
above and below. For example, in 10-point type each character is no
more than 10/72 of an inch high, and some are several points less than
that. In fact, the actual size of any particular character will not
be as large as the point size.
The following point sizes are available on the Unisetter: 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, and 36.
Section 1: INTRODUCTION 3
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Leading
The vertical distance (spacing) between lines of type is called the
leading (pronounced LED-ing). Leading is measured in points and is
usually two or three points larger than the point size of the type.
This is so the descenders on one line do not appear too close to the
ascenders on the next line. Some common combinations of point size
and leading are 8-point type on 10-point leading, 9 on 11, and 10 on
12. (Computer output produced on a line printer at 6 lines per inch
is approximately equivalent to 10-point type on 12-point leading.)
When the leading is equal to the point size, the type is said to be
set solid.
Character Spacing
A blank space equal in width to the point size of the type in use
is an em space. A blank space equal in width to the numerals in the
typeface in use is an en space. A blank space equal to the width of a
period or a comma in the typeface in use is a thin space.
The spaceband is an expandable space placed between words to
justify a line. The spaceband has a minimum width and a maximum
width. The minimum width is always 4 relative units.
The width of a character is measured in relative units, which are
fractional units of space in proportion to the type size (usually 1/18
of an em space). Characters can range in width from 0 units (e.g.,
accents) to 18 units. To arrange characters on a line in an aestheti-
cally pleasing way, the white space between words must be balanced.
The typesetter uses both fixed (em, en, thin) and variable (spaceband)
spaces to do this.
Faces and Fonts
Typeset characters come in a variety of designs, styles, and point
sizes. A specific type design is known as a typeface; for example,
there is a typeface named Souvenir. A typeface can usually be set in
several different type styles, such as light, bold, and italic. For
example, the Souvenir typeface may be set in Souvenir Light, Souvenir
Medium, Souvenir Medium Italic, Souvenir Bold, etc. Two broad classi-
fications of type style are those with serifs (a light line or stroke
projecting from the ends of the main stroke of a letter) and those
without serifs ("sans-serif" type). The complete set of characters in
a given type style and point size is called a font.
Mixing different typefaces in a document is not generally done
because the diversity can be distracting to readers. It's best to
choose a typeface and use it for all type styles. The decisions you
make will depend on what is most appropriate for the layout of your
document. The layout will depend on the nature of the document and
Section 1: INTRODUCTION 4
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
the way it will be used by its readers. If you are at all unsure of
the most appropriate choices, a typesetting operator at Printing
Services can advise you.
Which Typesetting System is Best for You?
Now you are ready to use either SCRIPT PHOTO or TTSTRAN to prepare
your text. It's a good idea to look over the description for each
system before deciding which one to use.
Section 1: INTRODUCTION 5
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT
2.A The SCRIPT Phototypesetting System
The SCRIPT phototypesetting system allows you to go from line
printer or terminal to phototypesetter without changing your input
document to any significant extent. Text lines and most SCRIPT
commands that affect spacing, text positioning, and columns remain the
same. However, the SCRIPT PHOTO system currently will not allow use
of the tab feature; we are working to make this function available.
(See "Typesetting Limitations of SCRIPT" below for a few other excep-
tions.) Macros should continue to work, though you may wish to change
various parameters, depending on the output device (printer, terminal,
or phototypesetter) you will be using at any given time.
Typesetting with SCRIPT requires you to use the SCRIPT PHOTO mode
and the UNIPOST post-processing program. PHOTO mode is a special mode
of operation in SCRIPT which provides support for output devices
referred to as typesetters. In PHOTO mode, SCRIPT encodes text
formatting information at the beginning of each output record.
UNIPOST is a post-processing program that converts this information
into the typesetting codes used by the Unisetter at Printing Services.
To use this system, you should have fairly good knowledge of SCRIPT
and access to the SCRIPT formatting program on the IBM 370 computer.
You will also need at least two 7" reels of magnetic tape (called
mini-reels). It's best to have two tapes so that one can serve as a
back-up. These tapes may be purchased at the Computing Center Main
Office (72 McVey Hall) for $10 each; office hours are from 8:00 a.m.
to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. The tapes must be unlabeled,
1600 BPI, temporary tapes.
In simplest terms, this is what happens when you use the SCRIPT
PHOTO typesetting system:
1. You enter your text and control words into a SCRIPT file,
including information about typefaces and fonts to be used.
You proofread your text, correct errors, and determine that it
is ready to be typeset.
2. If you are at a display terminal, you may SCRIPT your file
using the PHOTO option:
script filename(photo
This produces an intermediate file containing Photo Escape
Codes (see Appendix B) and text. This file can be viewed on
your terminal screen if you are at a display terminal. It has
the same filename as your SCRIPT file, and a filetype of
PHOTO. To view the file, simply enter the command:
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 6
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
xedit filename photo
The file will show you exactly where lines and columns will
end when the text is typeset. NOTE: this file is used only
for proofreading purposes at a display terminal. You cannot
print a copy of this file.
3. If the PHOTO file appears to be all right, you submit a batch
job to OS to execute the post-processing procedure. This
procedure converts SCRIPT control words to typesetting
commands recognized by the Unisetter at Printing Services,
converts the commands and text from EBCDIC to TTS code, and
then writes them onto a magnetic tape.
4. You take the tape to Printing Services, where the text is
copied onto a floppy disk. The disk is loaded onto the
Unisetter, which produces your typeset text.
Typesetting Limitations of SCRIPT
Currently, the SCRIPT PHOTO system will not allow use of the .tb
(tab) control word, but we are working to make this feature available.
Also, the control words .ad (adjust), .bx (box), .oo (output overlay),
and .rc (revision codes) are not currently handled properly, and
SCRIPT will not give you any warning messages if you try to use them.
However, .oo can be achieved by using a combination of ".sk-1" and
".in." We are working on a way to implement the .bx control word.
Fonts in PHOTO Mode (SYSCHARS)
When preparing text for the SCRIPT PHOTO typesetting system, you
simply enter text and control words into a SCRIPT file as you would
normally. In addition, you must include some information about fonts.
In PHOTO mode, SCRIPT control words indicate various "logical
fonts" (type styles). The .bd (bold) control word overstrikes a
character with itself, and indicates that the type is to be set in
boldface. The .us (underscore) control word overstrikes a character
with an underscore, and indicates that the type is to be set in
italics. The .bi (bold italic) control word overstrikes a character
with both itself and an underscore, and indicates that the type is to
be set in bold italics. (The emphasized words in the previous
sentences were created with the .bd, .us, and .bi control words.) All
other character sequences will be set in the normal type style (often
called "roman"). This is illustrated in Table 1. To use these
control words in PHOTO mode, simply enter them in your SCRIPT document
as you would normally.
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 7
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Table 1: Control Words for Type Faces |
| |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| input | output |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| | |
| This is roman. | This is roman. |
| .us This is italic. | This is italic. |
| .bd This is bold. | This is bold. |
| .bi This is bold italic. | This is bold italic. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Specifying Typefaces and Fonts
Currently the SCRIPT PHOTO system allows you to use two typefaces
provided by Printing Services: Baskerville and Souvenir. Each may be
set in the roman, italic, bold, and bold italic fonts. Once you have
decided on the typeface, you must tell SCRIPT so it can load the
appropriate character width tables when SCRIPT processing begins.
All font definitions in SCRIPT are specified through tables which
the user can set up with the .PH (photo font) control word. The
construction of these tables can be both tricky and tedious to the
user who knows little about a phototypesetter and its fonts; so, to
simplify the definition of a set of four fonts in a document, a font
definition file named SYSCHARS is provided.
You must specify SYSCHARS at the beginning of your input file, in
the following form:
.im SYSCHARS name size name size name size name size
The first "name size" pair is used for the roman type style, the
second for the italic style, the third for the bold style, and the
fourth for the bold italic style.
In its simplest form, you can imbed SYSCHARS with a typestyle
argument of four letters ("bask" for Baskerville and "souv" for
Souvenir). For example, this command:
.im SYSCHARS bask
brings in four logical fonts for the Baskerville type style: roman,
italic, bold, and bold italic. Each is set to the default point size
of the PSIZE= option (described elsewhere in this document). To set
the same fonts with a point size of 8, you would enter:
.im SYSCHARS bask 8
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 8
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Up to four operands may be entered, one for each logical font. For
example, the following command:
.im SYSCHARS souv 8 souv 9 souv 12 souv 14
would produce 8-point roman, 9-point italic, 12-point bold, and
14-point bold italic type, all in the Souvenir typeface.
If you omit the "size" specification for any one of the four pairs,
that size value will default to the value you specified for the PSIZE=
option when you invoked SCRIPT. If you specify only the first "name
and size" pair, then the other three pairs will default to that same
name and size. Acceptable point size values for the Unisetter are:
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36.
Single and Double Quotation Marks
The Unisetter recognizes different TTS character codes for both
opening and closing quotation marks. However, there is no difference
between opening and closing quotes in the EBCDIC character code. The
solution is to define, in the logical fonts, the double quote (") as
an opening single quote, and the apostrophe (') as a closing single
quote; this is done automatically by SYSCHARS. Specify the quotation
marks you want by doing the following:
1. For a single opening quote, use " (the double quotation mark).
2. For a single closing quote or an apostrophe, use ' (the single
quotation mark).
3. For double opening quotes, use "" (two double quotation
marks).
4. For double closing quotes, use '' (two single quotation
marks).
The following example creates a double opening quote before the
word "Let's," an apostrophe in the words "Let's" and "terminal's," and
double closing quotes after the word "keyboard."
Entered: Sally said, ""Let's use the terminal's keyboard.''
Result: Sally said, "Let's use the terminal's keyboard."
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 9
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Occasional Oversetting of Lines
A line is overset if it contains too many characters and extends
beyond the specified margin. Because SCRIPT uses a different formula
than the Unisetter for calculating interword spacing, occasionally
SCRIPT will put more characters on a line than the Unisetter will
allow. When this happens, the Unisetter takes the leftover characters
and spreads them across one line. You can usually avoid this by
letting the UNIPOST MINSP= option default to 5. Because you do not
know if oversetting will occur until your typeset galley is produced,
the best solution is to have Printing Services reset lines that are
affected (the cost for this should be minimal).
Defining the Page Environment for Typesetting
Let's assume you know the physical dimensions, in inches, of the
output page, and the point size and leading to be used. For example,
you may wish to produce a page that is 11" long, with 1/2" top and
bottom margins, and page numbers at the bottom of each page.
If the page is 11" long, the page length in points is 11"x72=792
points. To determine the number of lines on a page, divide the
leading into the number of points on the page. In this example we
will use 10-point leading, which gives us 79 lines per page. To
determine the number of lines per inch, divide the number of lines on
the page by the number of inches (79 divided by 11=7.2 lines per
inch). There are 7.2 lines per inch, so 1/2 " margins will equal 3.6
SCRIPT lines each. To get the proper page length, top and bottom
margins, and page numbering, you would define the vertical dimensions
of the page with the following control words:
.pl 79
.hs 0;.hm 0;.tm 3
.fs 1;.fm 1;.bm 4
Let's also say our text occupies 7 inches horizontally across the
page, and is formatted in two columns. The following control words
are used to achieve the desired result:
.ll 7i
.cd set 2
The Unisetter has a maximum line length of 45 picas, or 7.5 inches
(.ll 7.5i).
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 10
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Redefining the Fonts
You may sometimes wish to print the title of a document in a larger
point size than will be used for the rest of the document. For
example, if you want to use Souvenir type to print a newsletter that
has the dimensions discussed earlier, plus a "month and issue number"
title line set in 18-point bold type, you could use the following
sequence of SCRIPT control words:
.ll 7i
.im SYSCHARS souv 18
.sk 18
.bd March Newsletter
.sk -1
.ra;.bd;Issue 1982-03
.sk 2
.ph delete
.im SYSCHARS souv 8 souv 8 souv 8 souv 10
.cd set 2
The ".ph delete " deletes the current font definitions (only needed
for the title line), and the subsequent ".im SYSCHARS" defines the
fonts for the body of the publication.
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 11
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
SCRIPT Set Symbols for Special Characters
There are certain characters available on the typesetter which are
not in the EBCDIC character set. Set symbols have been defined to
allow you to use these characters. To use the set symbols, imbed
PHOTOLIB (.im PHOTOLIB) at the beginning of your document. Each set
symbol should then be preceded by an ampersand (&) when used (&$beta).
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Table 2: SCRIPT Set Symbols |
| |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Set Symbol | Special Character |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| $ballot | ballot box |
| $beta | Greek beta |
| $check | check mark |
| $copyr | copyright sign |
| $dagger | dagger |
| $degree | degree sign |
| $divide | division sign |
| $emdash | em dash |
| $endash | en dash (1/2 em dash) |
| $emdot | em dot |
| $endot | en dot |
| $emsp | em space |
| $ensp | en space (1/2 em space) |
| $lccedl | lowercase c with cedilla accent |
| $lcircum | lowercase circumflex accent |
| $lecute | lowercase e with acute accent |
| $lgrave | lowercase grave accent |
| $lntild | lowercase n with tilde accent |
| $lumlaut | lowercase umlaut |
| $regstr | registered sign |
| $shill | shilling |
| $spquest | Latin question mark |
| $spexclm | Latin exclamation mark |
| $supa | superscript a |
| $supo | superscript o |
| $thsp | thin space (1/3 em space) |
| $uccedl | uppercase C with cedilla accent |
| $ucircum | uppercase circumflex accent |
| $ugrave | uppercase grave accent |
| $untild | uppercase N with tilde accent |
| $uumlaut | uppercase umlaut accent |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 12
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
2.B Invoking SCRIPT and UNIPOST
After a satisfactory PHOTO file has been produced (as described
elsewhere in this section), an OS batch job must be run on the IBM 370
computer. This job produces the TTS tape from the SCRIPT file. Use
the following Job Control Language:
//jobname JOB 9999-99999,'yourname'
/*PASSWORD password
/*JOBPARM T=(0,50),F=NT
/*SETUP TAPE=(tapename,RINGIN)
//STEP1 EXEC SCRIPTUP,REGION=300K,
// OPTIONS='PHOTO,desired SCRIPT options',
// desired UNIPOST options
//PREP.SYSIN DD *
..INC filename SCRIPT filemode (V
/*
//UNIPOST.UNIOUT DD DCB=(DEN=3,LRECL=1024,RECFM=F,BLKSIZE=1024),
// VOL=SER=tapename,UNIT=TAPE,DISP=(NEW,KEEP),LABEL=(1,NL)
The PHOTO Option
The PHOTO option encodes SCRIPT command information and produces
output that includes text and escape codes (see Appendix B). This
option is both optional and mandatory, depending on where it is used.
It is optional to use it to produce the PHOTO file (the intermediate
file) which you can view at your display terminal. It is mandatory to
include PHOTO in the UNIPOST batch job (see the JCL above). PHOTO is
used in place of the other common SCRIPT output options (i.e., TERM,
PRT, OFFLINE, ...) when text is to be formatted for a phototypesetting
device. The PHOTO option must be specified when SCRIPTing to a
typesetting device.
The CPI= Option
When output goes to a line printer or terminal, each character is
the same width as its neighbor (e.g., a lowercase "i" is just as wide
as an uppercase "M"). But a typesetter has characters of varying
widths, so SCRIPT uses width information provided for each character
and fills formatted lines with as much text as will fit.
A way had to be devised to leave commands that specify column
numbers intact; this includes commands such as .ll (line length) and
.in (indent). The solution is to treat the operands of such commands
as en spaces; the width of one en space is specified by the CPI=
(Characters Per Inch) option. SCRIPT uses the value of CPI= in
converting the line length into points, and also in converting indent
and offset values into points. The default is 10 if you don't specify
the CPI= option and a value.
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 13
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
For example, if you specified a value of 18 for CPI= when you
invoked SCRIPT, then an ".in 3" would result in an indent of 3/18 of
an inch in the typeset output. If you didn't specify CPI= and a
value, ".in 3" would result in an indent of 3/10 of an inch. An
indent of 5 at CPI=10 would allow an indent of one-half inch. A line
length of 60 at CPI=12 (12 characters per inch) would make a line
length of five inches (60 divided by 12).
If you specify a value for CPI=, you must indicate it when
producing the PHOTO file at your display terminal and when running the
UNIPOST job.
The PSIZE= Option
The PSIZE= option sets the default point size used by logical fonts
(the fonts created with SYSCHARS). The default PSIZE= value is 9
points. Each point equals 1/72 of an inch. Currently, the only valid
point sizes are the following:
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36.
If you specify a value for PSIZE=, you must indicate it when
producing the PHOTO file at your display terminal and when running the
UNIPOST job.
UNIPOST Options
The following options may be used to control the UNIPOST post-pro-
cessor. The default value is indicated by an underscore.
FROM=<1|n>
Indicates the page of the document where processing is to begin.
This refers to the number of physical pages in the document, and has
nothing to do with the way the pages are numbered by SCRIPT.
TO=<9999|n>
Indicates the page of the document where processing is to end.
LEADING=<12|n>
Indicates the leading value, in points, to be used throughout the
document.
MINSP=<;4|5|6|8>
Indicates the minimum value of the spaceband (interword space),
expressed in relative units. Only the values shown are valid. To
avoid oversetting of lines, we recommend that you let MINSP= default
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 14
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
to 5. This option works in conjunction with the font tables, and we
have found that MINSP=5 produces the best results on the Unisetter.
TRNLEN=<80|n>
Indicates the length of the output line for the translated TTS
code. Lines longer than this are broken into multiple lines. The
value for this parameter may range from 80 to 132.
TRNSL=<0|1>
Indicates whether or not the translated version of the TTS code is
to be printed; a 0 means don't print and a 1 means print.
The TRNSL=1 Option
If you specify the UNIPOST option TRNSL=1 in your batch job, you
will get printed output which shows the translated version of the TTS
codes. The TTS codes used by the Unisetter will be translated into
printable characters which are a bit easier to read and understand.
(See Appendix D for sample SCRIPT post-processor output.)
Below are examples of the output symbols and their meanings:
<EM> EM SPACE - A blank space equal in width to the point size of the
typeface in use.
<EN> EN SPACE - A blank space equal in width to the numerals in the
typeface in use.
<EP> EM PRECEDENCE - A special code used to generate some typesetting
commands and also some printable characters.
<QC> QUAD CENTER - Indicates that text is to be centered on the line
measure.
<QL> QUAD LEFT - Indicates that text is to be positioned on the left
margin of the line measure.
<QR> QUAD RIGHT - Indicates that text is to be positioned on the
right margin of the line measure.
<RE> RETURN - Indicates that the end of a line, paragraph, block of
copy, etc. has been reached, and that subsequent text should
begin on a new line.
<TS> THIN SPACE - A blank space equal to the width of a period or a
comma in the typeface in use.
<.S> SHIFT - Indicates that an uppercase character follows.
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 15
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
<.U> UNSHIFT - Used after SHIFT to revert to lowercase characters;
for example, the word "Washington" would appear as
<.S>W<.U>ashington.
<.$> SUPERSHIFT - A delimiter which appears before and after
Unisetter typesetting commands; for example, <.$>P09<.$>
indicates that 9-point type is to be used.
<..> TAPE FEED - Dummy characters used to fill out a record.
<> BELL CODE - Tells the typesetter to stop; this code is found
near the end of your output.
Taking a Tape to Printing Services
After you've run the post-processor batch job, you may pick up your
tape at the UKCC Data Center. You may then take the tape to
University Printing Services, 555 South Upper Street. You should also
take a computer-produced copy of the formatted SCRIPT file, so the
typesetting operator will know what is on your tape. The typesetting
operator will transfer your text to a floppy disk (a device that
resembles a flexible phonograph record). The floppy disk will be read
by the Unisetter and a galley of typeset copy will be produced.
Printing Services will call you when your typeset text is ready to be
picked up.
Don't forget the importance of scheduling work in advance. Allow a
day for writing the text onto tape at the Computing Center, and give
Printing several days to prepare the typeset text. Let Printing know
in advance when you will be bringing a tape to them and when you will
need the typeset text.
Section 2: TYPESETTING WITH SCRIPT 16
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN
The TTSTRAN phototypesetting system was created to reduce the cost
of producing typeset text. The system is designed to do a character-
for-character translation from the IBM EBCDIC code to the Unisetter
TTS code. TTSTRAN is for users who have very little computing
experience, but who want to save money on typesetting.
Presently the system consists of the following steps:
1. You create a SCRIPT file at a computer terminal and enter text
to be typeset into the file.
2. You remove any SCRIPT control words you may have entered.
3. You insert typesetting codes (this is optional).
4. You submit a batch job at the Computing Center that translates
the SCRIPT file into TTS code and writes it onto a tape.
5. You take the tape to Printing Services, along with a computer-
printed copy of the text in the file; if possible, you should
also take an example of the desired format.
6. Printing Services copies the text onto a floppy disk.
7. The typesetting operator at Printing Services makes any
necessary corrections to the text and enters additional
typesetting codes, if needed.
8. The disk is read by the Unisetter phototypesetter.
9. A galley of typeset text is produced.
The cost of phototypesetting is significantly reduced if, instead
of having a typesetting operator enter your text at Printing Services,
you enter the text yourself at a computer terminal. The cost is
further reduced if you also enter the typesetting codes yourself.
However, this is optional. The typesetting operator at Printing
Services can add these codes after the text has been copied onto a
floppy disk. If you decide to enter the typesetting codes yourself,
you will need to learn the codes used by the Unisetter at Printing
Services; these codes are described later in this section.
If you decide to use this system, it is important that you schedule
your typesetting work in advance. Please let Printing Services know
several days ahead of time when you will be bringing them a tape and
when you will need the typeset text.
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 17
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Creating SCRIPT Files
SCRIPT is a text-processing computer program that allows you to
format documents; for example, you can center, underline, indent, and
justify lines with the use of SCRIPT. If you do not already have a
Computing Center account (a project number and a CJS userid), you will
need to open one in order to gain access to the IBM 370 computer and
the SCRIPT program. Information on setting up an account may be found
in the Introduction to the UK Computing Center, a free publication
available in the UKCC Consulting Room, 110 McVey Hall.
When you have your project number and userid, you are ready to
logon to a terminal and create SCRIPT files. It is generally easier
to enter text at a display-type terminal with a screen, rather than at
a printer-type terminal. If you do not have access to a terminal,
public terminal rooms are located on the UK (Lexington) campus in
McVey Hall, King Library, Patterson Office Tower, and the Student
Center.
You create a SCRIPT file by entering a command in the following
format:
xedit filename script
where "filename" is the name you choose for the file. XEDIT is a
text-editing program that can be used to perform basic editing
functions; it allows you to add, delete, move, copy, and duplicate
lines, etc.
If you don't already know how to enter and edit text at a terminal,
you may want to buy a copy of the IBM System Product Editor User's
Guide, available at the University Bookstore in the Student Center;
this guide explains XEDIT editing commands in detail. You do not need
to know much about SCRIPT to create SCRIPT files, since SCRIPT control
words are not used by TTSTRAN. However, if you want to learn more
about SCRIPT and CJS, the UKCC SCRIPT User's Guide, UKCC SCRIPT
Reference, UKCC CJS User's Guide, and UKCC CJS Reference are available
at the University Bookstore or through the MANUAL command in CJS
(enter the HELP MANUAL command for more information).
After you have created a SCRIPT file, you can enter text by simply
typing it at the keyboard of a terminal. If you wish, you can also
enter SCRIPT control words (.ce to center text, .fo to format text,
.us to underscore, and so on). Insertion of SCRIPT control words
enables you to produce a computer-printed copy of your document in
formatted form; this makes proofreading easier and gives Printing
Services a better idea of how you want your document to look.
However, before you write the file to tape, you must remove all SCRIPT
control words. This is because the Unisetter does not recognize
SCRIPT control words, and will simply typeset them along with your
text.
When all control words have been removed, you may enter typesetting
codes. The Unisetter recognizes typesetting codes because they are
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 18
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
surrounded by delimiters called "supershifts". Supershifts are much
like the period that precedes a SCRIPT control word; both indicate a
command. TTSTRAN requires you to enter a ¬ (not sign) before and
after typesetting codes. The ¬ is translated to a supershift, and the
next character is the code. For example, entering ¬QC¬ in the file
indicates QUAD CENTER (quad is a printing term used in several codes).
¬QC¬ is inserted after a line you want centered. ¬QR¬ means QUAD
RIGHT, and is inserted after a line you want positioned against the
right margin.
The QUAD LEFT code is inserted after a line you want positioned
against the left margin; for example, after the last line in a
paragraph. Because QUAD LEFT is used so often, it is represented by a
single character: # (a pound sign). No supershifting is necessary.
Using one character for this function cuts down on the number of
keystrokes needed, and thus is more efficient.
RETURN is indicated with the _ (underscore). Again, no super-
shifting is necessary. The RETURN code indicates that the end of a
line (or paragraph, heading, block of copy, etc.) has been reached,
and that any text following the underscore should start on a new line.
Quotation Marks in TTSTRAN
The Unisetter recognizes different TTS character codes for both
opening and closing quotation marks. However, there is no difference
between opening and closing quotes in the EBCDIC character code. The
solution is for TTSTRAN to use the double quote (") as an opening
single quote, and the apostrophe (') as a closing single quote.
1. For a single opening quote, use " (the double quotation mark).
2. For a single closing quote or an apostrophe, use ' (the single
quotation mark).
3. For double opening quotes, use "" (two double quotation
marks).
4. For double closing quotes, use '' (two single quotation
marks).
The following example creates a double opening quote before the
word "Let's," an apostrophe in the words "Let's" and "terminal's," and
double closing quotes after the word "keyboard."
Entered: Sally said, ""Let's use the terminal's keyboard.''
Result: Sally said, "Let's use the terminal's keyboard."
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 19
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Writing the File onto a Tape
Once you have entered your text and inserted typesetting codes,
you're ready to have the file written onto a magnetic tape. You will
need at least two 7" reels of magnetic tape (called mini-reels). It
is best to have two tapes so that one can serve as a back-up. These
tapes may be purchased at the Computing Center Main Office (72 McVey
Hall) for $10 each. Office hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
Monday through Friday.
After you've obtained your tapes, take them to the Computing
Center Data Center (61 McVey Hall). Specify that the tapes are to be
unlabeled, 1600 BPI tapes, and that they are to be "temporary" tapes.
This means you will always return to pick them up within 48 hours.
The first time you bring tapes to the Data Center, you must fill
out tape stickers listing your name, project number, and so on. Each
time you write text onto a tape you will turn the tape in at the Data
Center, where you will fill out a temporary tape sticker.
You will use a special computer program called TTSTRAN to write
your file onto a tape. The TTSTRAN program converts your text from
EBCDIC code to TTS code (which the Unisetter can read), and then
writes the output onto a magnetic tape.
The section "TTSTRAN JCL" is very important, because it lists the
Job Control Language (JCL) statements for TTSTRAN. You must enter
these statements into a file before you can run the TTSTRAN program.
You can name the file containing the JCL anything you want; for
example, you may call it TYPE JOB or TYPESET JOB, etc.
Your job should be completed and your tape ready to be picked up at
the Data Center about a day after the job was submitted.
Taking a Tape to Printing Services
After you've picked up your tape at the Computing Center, you can
take it to Printing Services (555 South Upper Street). Take a comput-
er-produced copy of the file, also. Indicate on the copy how you want
the text formatted, where it needs special treatment, etc. Make the
instructions as clear as possible so the typesetting operator under-
stands what you want, and so your text will be typeset exactly as you
wish. If possible, take a copy of the text in formatted form as well.
If you haven't already decided on type styles and sizes, discuss this
with the typesetting operator.
The typesetting operator will transfer your text to a floppy disk
(a device that resembles a flexible phonograph record), which can be
read by the Unisetter. The operator will then scan your text on a
display screen to check for possible errors (missing supershifts,
incorrect codes). These errors will be corrected and any typesetting
codes you want but cannot enter (baseline rules, bullets, etc.) will
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 20
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
be added. After all additions and corrections have been made, the
floppy disk will be read by the Unisetter and a galley of typeset copy
will be produced.
Printing Services will call you when your typeset text is ready to
be picked up. Check your galley carefully for mistakes. More often
than not, you'll find that errors are your own, so be very careful
when entering text and typesetting codes. It's easy to leave out a
supershift or a RETURN code.
Don't forget the importance of scheduling work in advance. Allow a
day for writing the text onto tape at the Computing Center, and give
Printing several days to prepare the typeset text. Let Printing know
in advance when you will be bringing a tape to them and when you will
need the typeset text. Do not expect to drop a tape off with no
advance notice and get your galley that same day.
Input Text Requirements
The TTSTRAN program accepts, as input, variable-length records of
up to 80 characters. Trailing blanks are eliminated from the text
during translation. The following are requirements for input text:
1. Record length of up to 80 bytes.
2. Input text must be unblocked.
3. No SCRIPT commands within text. SCRIPT commands are processed
as text and will not supply the desired results.
4. Uppercase and lowercase characters are allowed.
5. Input must be in EBCDIC code.
6. The PARM=TRANS option may be used on the EXEC card to print
the EBCDIC text that is translated. This will allow verifi-
cation that the entire text is translated.
Output Requirements
Requirements for output are:
1. Unlabeled, mini-reel, 1600 BPI tape.
2. The tape records are 1K bytes long.
3. Output is written on tape as TTS code.
4. Output can be printed out in EBCDIC for verification, if
desired.
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 21
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
TTSTRAN JCL
The following Job Control Language statements should be used when
submitting a variable-length file from CJS. (Uppercase characters
should appear exactly as shown below; lowercase characters indicate
items which should be specified by the user.)
//jobname JOB 9999-99999,'yourname'
/*PASSWORD password
/*JOBPARM T=(0,10)
/*SETUP TAPE=(tapename,RINGIN)
//STEP1 EXEC PGM=CJSPREP
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A
//SYSUT1 DD *
..INC fn ft fm (V
//SYSUT2 DD DSN=&&TEMP,DISP=(NEW,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(CYL,(5,1))
//STEP2 EXEC PGM=TTSTRAN,PARM=TRANS
//STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSNAME=SYS1.FOTOLIB
//VIPIN DD DSN=&&TEMP,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//VIPOUT DD DCB=(DEN=3,LRECL=1024,RECFM=F,BLKSIZE=1024),
// VOL=SER=tapename,UNIT=TAPE,DISP=(NEW,KEEP),LABEL=(1,NL)
//TRNSLT DD SYSOUT=A,DCB=(LRECL=81,RECFM=FA,BLKSIZE=81)
/*
Where: jobname is the name you have given this job;
the jobname must begin in column 3.
9999-99999 is your Computing Center account number.
yourname is your name.
password is your password; the password must
begin in column 16.
T=(0,10) is the time parameter; this must begin
in column 12.
tapename is the name of the tape upon which your
file is to be written.
fn is the filename of the file to be translated.
ft is the filetype of the file to be translated;
this is generally SCRIPT.
fm is the filemode of the file to be translated;
this is almost always A1.
The "T=(0,10)" is the time parameter, which tells the computer how
long the job should be allowed to run, in minutes and seconds. The
example indicates that the job should not take longer than ten
seconds; this should be more than enough time for most TTSTRAN users
(it takes about one and one-half seconds to translate a file
containing 800 lines). However, if the file to be translated is
exceptionally long, you may want to increase the time parameter by a
few seconds so the job isn't stopped before it has completed.
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 22
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Basic Typesetting Codes
The following are basic typesetting codes recognized by the
Unisetter at Printing Services. Standard printing measurements are
used: 12 points equal one pica, six picas equal one inch.
Before you enter any typesetting codes for the first time, it's a
good idea to take a sample of your text (or better yet, an example of
how you want the formatted document to look) to Printing Services. An
operator can mark your copy with the codes you should insert.
The four codes below specify line length, type style, type size,
and leading. The selected values for these codes remain in effect
until new values are specified.
¬SM4210¬ SET MEASURE. Indicates line length (how wide the
text should be). Consists of four digits, with the
first two representing picas and the last two repre-
senting points. In the example the measure is 42
picas, 10 points.
¬F1¬ FONT or FACE. Indicates the typeface to be used
(e.g., roman, bold, italic). Consists of one digit.
¬P09¬ POINT SIZE. Indicates the type size, in points.
Consists of two digits. ¬P09¬ specifies 9-point
type, ¬P12¬ specifies 12-point type, and so on.
¬SL110¬ SET LEADING. Indicates how many points of leading
(white space) are to be set between lines. Leading
values from 0 to 99 may be selected in point and
half-point increments, with three digits entered at
all times. The leading size should be equal to or
greater than the point size; a two-point increase is
generally adequate (e.g., 9-point type works well
with 11-point leading). In the example, the leading
specified is 11 points. Half-point increments may be
selected by entering the digit one (1) in place of
the zero (0) value; for example, ¬SL111¬ would set
the leading at 11 1/2 points.
You may enter all four of the above codes within the same super-
shifts: ¬SM4210F1P09SL110¬
Once values for the above codes have been specified, the following
codes may be used to position text, to end and begin lines, etc.
These codes are to be entered directly after text; it is not necessary
to leave a blank space between the text and the code. (Note: the term
"line measure" refers to the line length specified by the SET MEASURE
code described above.)
# QUAD LEFT. Place after text to be positioned on the
left margin of the line measure. No supershifting is
needed. Must be followed by the RETURN code (#_) to
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 23
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
activate line space for the next line. Used after the
last line in a paragraph, after headings, etc.
¬QR¬ QUAD RIGHT. Place after text to be positioned on the
right margin of the line measure. Must be followed by
the RETURN code (¬QR¬_) to activate line space for
the next line.
¬QC¬ QUAD CENTER. Place after text to be centered on the
line measure. Must be followed by the RETURN code
(¬QC¬_) to activate line space for the next line.
_ RETURN. An underscore indicates RETURN. RETURN
activates line space for the next line; no super-
shifting is needed. Used at the end of a paragraph,
heading, etc., to indicate that subsequent text is to
begin on a new line. Normal text does not need a
RETURN code until a new paragraph is desired.
¬IS¬ INSERT SPACE. Inserts blank space of various propor-
tions at any position in a line. Useful for
multi-part headings to be spread out evenly on one
line. INSERT SPACE is a justifying function and all
lines must be ended with the RETURN code.
¬IL¬ INSERT LEADERS. Inserts a line of leaders (dots).
INSERT LEADERS is a justifying function and all lines
must be ended with the RETURN code.
¬IR¬ INSERT RULE. Inserts a rule. INSERT RULE is a
justifying function and all lines must be ended with
the RETURN code.
Some codes cannot be entered at your terminal, but can be inserted
by the typesetting operator; these include baseline rules and bullets.
If you need these codes, simply indicate them on your computer-pro-
duced copy and the operator will insert them.
Setting Tabs in TTSTRAN
You can also set tab columns with certain typesetting codes. Tab
columns are defined with the Tab Number (TB), Set Tab (ST), and Set
Tab Measure (SM) codes. You may have up to eight Tab Numbers; if you
need more than eight tab columns, the typesetting operator can help
you. Set Tab is the tab position, defined in picas and points in
relation to the left margin. Tab Measure is the width of the tab
column in picas and points. For example:
¬TB1ST0000SM0700¬¬TB2ST0803SM0400¬
would set Tab Number One (TB1) at the left margin of the line measure
(ST0000), and the tab measure or width of the tab column at seven
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 24
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
picas and zero points (SM0700). Tab Number Two (TB2) would be set
eight picas and three points from the left margin (ST0803), and the
tab measure would be four picas wide (SM0400).
Setting tabs can be tricky. It's best to have a typesetting
operator help you the first time, especially with complex tabbing.
Once you've entered your tab settings, you don't have to type the
numbers in again unless you want to change them. When you want to
call a tab, you simply type ¬TB1¬, ¬TB2¬, etc. directly before the
text to be set at that tab position. The tab positions remain in
effect until you change them.
IMPORTANT: Use the ¬CR¬ code (CARRIAGE RESET) to restore the
overall measure of the line. It is very important to enter this code
after you have finished tabbing; otherwise, text following the tabbed
data may not be formatted correctly.
Section 3: TYPESETTING WITH TTSTRAN 25
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
APPENDIX A: Glossary
NOTE: Some of the definitions use terms which are defined elsewhere in
the glossary.
ascender
The vertical portion of a lowercase character which extends above
the body or x-height of the character; the upper stroke.
automatic font
The logical font chosen automatically by SCRIPT, based on the type
of input; a roman typeface is chosen for normal text, italic for
underlined text, bold for text that is overstruck with itself, and
bold italic for text that is both overstruck and underlined.
baseline
An imaginary line on which the bottom of an uppercase letter
appears to rest. Lowercase letters such as "i" and "e" also rest
on the baseline.
condensed
A typeface in which the height of a character is proportionally
greater than its width.
descender
The part of a letter that extends below the baseline; the downward
stroke.
EBCDIC
An abbreviation for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code,
a widely used coding system for representing data in computer
storage.
em space
A blank space equal in width to the point size of a font. An em
space is 18 relative units wide. It is used for paragraph inden-
tation and alignment of type columns. (A 10-point em space is
really a square that is 10 points wide and 10 points high. In
early fonts the letter M was usually cast on a square body, hence
the name "em.")
en space
A blank space equal in width to the figures (numerals) of the type
in use. It is usually 9 units wide, but it can be 8, 9, or 10
units wide. At one time the en space was one half the width of the
em space.
expanded
A typeface in which the width of a character is proportionally
greater than its height.
Appendix A: Glossary 26
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
family of type
All the variations of a basic type design in every point size and
style. Examples of the variations in type style include light,
medium, italic, bold, extra bold, condensed, and expanded.
fixed space
A blank space of a fixed width. The three fixed spaces used in
typesetting are the em space, en space, and thin space.
flush left
Type which is set even with the left margin; also called quad left.
flush right
Type which is set even with the right margin; also called quad
right.
font
The complete set of characters in a given typeface and point size.
gutter
The white space between columns of type.
inferiors
Characters smaller than the type size, positioned on or below the
baseline; subscripts.
justification
Spacing a line of type to fill the selected line length.
leading
(pronounced "LED-ing") (1) The blank space between lines of type,
measured in points. It is measured from the baseline of one line
of type to the baseline of the following line. (2) A parameter of
the UNIPOST program used to specify the leading of a document.
logical font
The font defined by a set of .PH control words, specifying a table
of characters for a specific typeface. Some examples are BASKROM
(BASKerville ROMan) and SOUVBDIT (SOUVenir BolD ITalic). These
logical font tables are set up through the SYSCHARS file which you
imbed one or more times in your document. The first four
characters of the font name are the same as the first four
characters of the type style; e.g., BASK for Baskerville. The last
three or four characters are one of the following: ROM, ITAL,
BOLD, BDIT.
overset
Type set in excess of the specified line length; more characters on
a line than the line length will allow.
pagination
The assembly of the various components of a page of type; i.e., the
assembly of text, page numbers, and running headings and footings
into a complete page as it will appear in the publication.
Appendix A: Glossary 27
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
PHOTO
The option which you must specify in SCRIPT to make it produce a
SYSPRINT file containing escape codes and text for the Unisetter
phototypesetter.
phototypesetting
Composing type by shining a light source through a character
matrix, then through a lens onto photosensitive paper or photo-
graphic film.
pi characters
Miscellaneous characters such as bullets, stars, arrows, etc.
These characters are usually kept on a separate font.
pica
A printer's unit of measurement, used in measuring line lengths. A
pica is equal to 1/6 of an inch. There are 12 points to one pica
or 72 points to one inch. There is a maximum line length of 45
picas (7.5 inches) on the Unisetter.
point
A division of the pica. There are 12 points to a pica or 72 points
to an inch, so 1 point is 1/72 of an inch. All type sizes are
measured in points.
point size
The height of type from the highest ascender to the lowest
descender, plus a small shoulder of extra space.
relative units
Fractional units of space that are in proportion to the type size.
A relative unit is 1/18 of an em space for the type size being
used, so a relative unit for 12-point type is bigger in absolute
measurement than a relative unit for 8-point type.
relative width
(1) The width of a single character. (2) One of the parameters of
the .PH control word in SCRIPT.
sans serif
Type having no serifs and little contrast between thick and thin
strokes.
serif
A light line or stroke projecting from the ends of the main stroke
of a roman letter.
set solid
Type which is set with the leading equal to the type size; i.e., no
extra white space between lines.
spaceband
The expandable interword space placed between words to justify a
line. The spaceband is normally assigned a minimum width of 4
Appendix A: Glossary 28
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
units.
superiors
Characters smaller in size than the regular text type, positioned
above the baseline; superscripts.
thin space
The width of a period or comma in a font; usually 6 units.
TTS
An abbreviation for "teletypesetter." TTS refers to a standard
coding scheme widely used in the typesetting industry. The codes
use a maximum of six binary bits, so there are 64 unique codes
possible.
TTSTRAN
A program which will translate EBCDIC code to TTS code. It also
translates certain character sequences to typesetting commands.
typeface
A specific design of type; e.g., Baskerville Bold, Souvenir Italic.
UNIPOST
The post-processor program which converts a SCRIPT SYSPRINT file to
the TTS characters and commands used by the Unisetter. The
SYSPRINT file must have been produced with the PHOTO option.
Unisetter
The phototypesetting machine for which the UNIPOST post-processor
produces TTS code. It is manufactured by the Compugraphic Corpo-
ration.
units
Another name for relative units.
x-height
The height of a lowercase letter such as the "x." The body of a
lowercase letter which has an ascender (such as "b" or "d") or a
descender (such as "p" or "y").
Appendix A: Glossary 29
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
APPENDIX B: Photo Escape Codes
The Photo Escape Codes listed below are inserted into the interme-
diate PHOTO file produced by SCRIPT. These codes determine what
Unisetter typesetting commands will be produced by UNIPOST. They
specify such parameters as photographic film movement, the font to be
used, and the point size of the characters. The escape character
X'27' (denoted by "*") is used with other characters to denote these
special escape codes. Some escape codes are followed by a halfword
value in binary; this is denoted by "nn." In all cases except the
space escape code, the value "nn" indicates the number of "en spaces."
The first record of each page, the Title Header (TH), also provides
the number of "en spaces" that occur per inch horizontally. Each
record of output from SCRIPT is expected to start with an escape code.
The following escape codes may be found in an output PHOTO file:
*THnncc (Title Heading)
This record is placed in the PHOTO file every time the
top-of-page in the user document is reached. Its normal effect
is to draw a page separator line of length nn on the film and to
cause various control parameters to be reissued in case a file
must be backspaced or restarted.
The cc value tells how many "en spaces" there are in one
horizontal inch.
*TFnn (Title Footing)
This record is placed in the PHOTO file every time the bottom of
a page in the user document is reached. Its normal effect is to
draw a page separator line of length nn on the film.
*JBnn (Justify Both)
The text line which follows is to be printed in formatted mode
with a line length of nn.
*JCnn (Justify Center)
The text line which follows is to be centered within a line
length of nn.
*JLnn (Justify Left)
The text line which follows is to be right ragged format with a
line length of nn.
*JRnn (Justify Right)
The text line which follows is to be right aligned to a line
length of nn.
Appendix B: Photo Escape Codes 30
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
*INnn (Indent)
The logical left margin of text which follows is to be indented
nn.
*ITnn (Indent Mark Tab)
The logical right margin of preceding text is to be justified to
nn. The logical left margin of text which follows is to be
indented nn.
*MCnn (Multiple Column)
This indicates the initial column position where subsequent text
in justify escapes is to begin.
*SPnn (Space)
Indicates the number of lines the film is to be advanced. The
spacing between lines is determined by the current leading value.
*LFnn (Line Feed)
Indicates a return to the leftmost column with no film advance.
This simulates the action of a terminal doing a carriage return
with no linefeed. This sequence will be generated when a
".SP -1" is encountered in the input stream. The halfword value
is currently always set to 0 and might be used in conjunction
with the reverse leading feature on models with this facility.
*CM (Comment)
This causes the rest of the input to be ignored. The rest of the
line could be reflected to the user or the operator of the
phototypesetter. Such comments are generated by the Output
Comment (.OC) control word.
*U (Superscript)
This escape sequence provides the same action as if a negative
half linefeed is entered at a terminal. The film will be moved
up half the current leading value and the current point size is
reduced by one-third. This action will take place any time a *U
is encountered. The next occurrence of *D will move the film
down half the current leading value and increase the point size
by 1.5 times.
*D (Subscript)
This escape sequence provides the same action as if a half
linefeed is entered at a terminal. The film will be moved down
half the current leading value and the current point size is
reduced by one-third. This action will take place any time a *D
is encountered. The next occurrence of *U will move the film up
half the current leading value and increase the point size 1.5
times.
*PFnn (Font Number)
This escape sequence will select font number nn on the typesetter
for subsequent text. The font information came from the logical
font definitions within SCRIPT.
Appendix B: Photo Escape Codes 31
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
*PSnn (Point Size)
This escape sequence will select point size nn for subsequent
text. The point size information came from the logical font
definitions within SCRIPT.
Appendix B: Photo Escape Codes 32
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
APPENDIX C: UNIPOST Datasets
The following DD statements are required to access UNIPOST data
sets when running the UNIPOST post-processor.
UNIIN
This is the input file consisting of escape sequences and text
produced by the SCRIPT SYSPRINT file when the PHOTO option is
specified. The record format may be fixed or variable and the record
length may range up to 504.
SYSPRINT
This is the output file used for displaying font usage, status, and
error messages. The record format may be variable or fixed and the
record length should be 132.
UNICOM
This is the output file used for displaying text associated with the
comment escape code (see Appendix B). SYSCHARS uses this file to
display font information. The record format may be variable or fixed
and the record length should be 132.
UNITRNL
This output file provides a translation of the TTS codes written to
the UNIOUT file. Each byte in the UNIOUT file is translated to one or
more printable characters. The record format is fixed and the record
length should be 132.
UNIOUT
This is the primary output file for the post processor. It contains
the TTS control codes and text that will be read by the Unisetter.
The record format for this file must be fixed and the record length
must be 1024. If printed, it is desirable but not necessary to use
the TN print train. (See Appendix D for sample output.)
Appendix C: UNIPOST Datasets 33
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
APPENDIX D: Sample Data
Sample SCRIPT Input
.im SYSCHARS souv 9
.rt top /Unisetter test/-%-/Document: STYPE/
.pp This is your last chance to renew your subscription to
.ul;The Kentucky Register.
If you haven't already renewed, just return the form in this issue
and you will continue to receive the newsletter each month, free of
charge. Otherwise, your name will be deleted from the mailing list
and this issue will be the last one you receive.
.sk
.pp Please supply a complete, legible mailing address to ensure
delivery.
Use a University of Kentucky campus address whenever possible, as this
allows us to save on postage costs. When using a UK campus address,
please be sure to include the Speed Sort Code.
Sample SCRIPT Post-processor Output
** UNI VERSION 3.7
FONT 1 IS Souvenir Light Roman Font
FONT 2 IS Souvenir Light Italic Font
FONT 3 IS Souvenir Demi Bold Font
FONT 4 IS UNUSED FONT
UNI TERMINATED SUCCESSFULLY AFTER 56 INPUT RECORDS AND
1 PAGES FROM PAGE 1.
** UNI VERSION 3.7
*
*FONT 1 Souvenir Light Roman Font
*FONT 2 Souvenir Light Italic Font
*FONT 3 Souvenir Demi Bold Font
*FONT 4 UNUSED FONT
<€$>SM3600<€$><€$>SL120<€$><€$>F1<€$><€$>MN08<€$><€$>MX18<€$><€$
>P12<.$><.$>IR<.$><RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<€$>P09<€$><€S>U<€U>nisetter test<QL><RE>
<€$>RL120<€$><€U>-<€S>1<€U>-<€$>QC<€$><RE>
<€$>RL120<€$><€S>D<€U>ocument<€S>: STYPE<€$>QR<€$><RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<EN><QL><RE><€$>RL120<€$><€$>TB1ST0110SM3402TB1<€$><€S>T<€U>his
is your last chance to renew your subscription to <.$>F2<.
$><€S>T<.U>he <€S>K<.U>entucky <.S>R<.U>egister<.$>F1<.
Appendix D: Sample Data 34
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
$>. <€S>I<.U>f you haven't already<RE>
<€$>CR<€$>
<€U>renewed, just return the form in this issue and you will con
tinue to receive the newsletter each month,<RE>
free of charge. <€S>O<€U>therwise, your name will be deleted fro
m the mailing list and this issue will be the last<RE>
one you receive.<QL><RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<EN><QL><RE><€$>RL120<€$><€$>TB1ST0110SM3402TB1<€$><€S>P<€U>leas
e supply a complete, legible mailing address to ensure delivery
. <€S>U<.U>se a <€S>U<.U>niversity of <€S>K<€U>entucky<RE>
<€$>CR<€$>
<€U>campus address whenever possible, as this allows us to save
on postage costs. <.S>W<€U>hen using a <.S>UK <.U>campus<RE>
address, please be sure to include the <€S>S<€U>peed <€S>S<€U>or
t <€S>C<.U>ode.<QL><RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<RE>
<€$>SM3600<€$><€$>SL120<€$><€$>F1<€$><€$>P12<€$><RE>
<..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..>
<..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..
><..>
<><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..><..>
Sample TTSTRAN Input
¬SM2000F1P09SL110¬
This is your last chance to renew your subscription to ¬F5¬The
Kentucky Register¬F1¬. If you haven't already renewed,
just return the form in this issue and you will continue
to receive the newsletter each month, free of charge.
Otherwise, your name will be deleted from the mailing list
and this issue will be the last one you receive.#_
Please supply a complete, legible mailing address to ensure delivery.
Use a University of Kentucky campus address when possible, as this
allows us to save on postage costs. When using a UK campus address,
please be sure to include the Speed Sort Code.#___
Appendix D: Sample Data 35
Guide to Typesetting at the UKCC
Sample TTSTRAN Output
¬SM2000F1P09SL110¬ THIS IS YOUR LAST CHANCE TO RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTIO
N TO ¬F5¬THE KENTUCKY REGISTER¬F1¬. IF YOU HAVEN'T ALREADY RENEWED, JU
ST RETURN THE FORM IN THIS ISSUE AND YOU WILL CONTINUE TO RECEIVE THE
NEWSLETTER EACH MONTH, FREE OF CHARGE. OTHERWISE, YOUR NAME WILL BE DE
LETED FROM THE MAILING LIST AND THIS ISSUE WILL BE THE LAST ONE YOU RE
CEIVE.#_ PLEASE SUPPLY A COMPLETE, LEGIBLE MAILING ADDRESS TO ENSURE D
ELIVERY. USE A UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY CAMPUS ADDRESS WHEN POSSIBLE, AS
THIS ALLOWS US TO SAVE ON POSTAGE COSTS. WHEN USING A UK CAMPUS ADDRES
S, PLEASE BE SURE TO INCLUDE THE SPEED SORT CODE.#___
Appendix D: Sample Data 36